Ocena wpływu zmiennych warunków klimatycznych na płócienne podłoża malarskie

(1)

Zabytkoznawstwo i Konserwatorstwo XLIII, Toruń 2012

Teresa Łękawa-Wysłouch, Bogumiła J. Rouba

Zakład Konserwacji Malarstwa i Rzeźby Polichromowanej Instytut Zabytkoznawstwa i Konserwatorstwa,

Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruń

Ocena wpływu

zmiennych warunków klimatycznych

na płócienne podłoża malarskie

1. Wstęp

2

EUD]\ QD SRGâRůX SâyFLHQQ\P VWDQRZLĊ QLHMHGQRURGQĊ ZLHORZDU VWZRZĊ NRPSR]\FMę JG]LH UyůQH VNâDGQLNL ²EDUG]LHM LPQLHM KL JURVNRSLMQH ²UHDJXMĊ Z QLHU]DGNR RGPLHQQ\ VSRVyE QD GRFLHUDMĊFH GR QLFK ERGŭFH ]HZQęWU]QH SRZRGXMĊF QDSUęůHQLD ZZHZQęWU]QHM VWUXNWXU]H PDORZLGHâ >²@ -HV]F]H WUXGQLHMV]D E\ZD V\WXDFMD REUD]yZ SRGGDQ\FK ZSU]HV]âRœFL]DELHJRPNRQVHUZDWRUVNLPZZ\QLNXNWyU\FKZSURZDG]RQR ZVWUXNWXUęQRZH]D]Z\F]DMREFHPDWHULDâ\LWZRU]\ZD5H]XOWDWHPWUZD MĊFHM QLHNLHG\ ZLHOH ODW ]UyůQLFRZDQHM SUDF\ SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK VNâDGQLNyZ VWUXNWXU\PDODUVNLHMQDUDůRQHMQDSU]HE\ZDQLHZQLHZâDœFLZ\FKZDUXQNDFK RWRF]HQLDVĊSUDZLH]DZV]H]PLDQ\LXV]NRG]HQLDZSRVWDFLSRV]HU]DMĊF\FK VLę ]F]DVHP PLNURVSęNDľ GHIRUPDFML DQDZHW RGG]LHODQLD LRV\S\ZDQLD VLę ZDUVWZ ]SRGREUD]LD 'URJĊ GR ]UR]XPLHQLD ]DFKRZDQLD FDâHM WHM ]âR ůRQHMVWUXNWXU\MHVWSR]QDQLH]DUyZQRZâDœFLZRœFLSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKZDUVWZ MDNLVSRVREXLFKUHDJRZDQLDQDRGG]LDâ\ZDQLH]PLHQQHJRNOLPDWXZRWR F]HQLX&HOHPSURZDG]RQ\FKEDGDľMHVWSRV]HU]HQLHZLHG]\]]DNUHVX]D JDGQLHľ]ZLĊ]DQ\FK]NRQG\FMĊLVWDQHP]DFKRZDQLDPDORZLGHâQDSâyWQLH

(2)

3\WDQLHRSU]\F]\Q\]UyůQLFRZDQ\FKUHDNFMLREUD]yZQDZDKDQLDNOLPDW\F] QH SU]HâRůRQR QD V]HUHJ WHVWyZ SR]ZDODMĊF\FK ]UR]XPLHý F]\ LZ MDNLP VWRSQLX EXGRZD WHFKQLF]QD REUD]X LZâDœFLZRœFL PDWHULDâyZ RUD] HZHQ WXDOQH EâęG\ WHFKQRORJLF]QH ]DLVWQLDâH ZSURFHVLH WZyUF]\P DWDNůH Syŭ QLHMV]H LQJHUHQFMH NRQVHUZDWRUVNLH PDMĊ ZSâ\Z QD LQLFMRZDQLH QDSUęůHľ LSRZVWDZDQLH ]PLDQ ZVWUXNWXU]H ]DE\WNRZHM DW\P VDP\P SU]\VSLHV]D QLHVWDU]HQLD,VWRWQ\PSUREOHPHPEDGDZF]\PMHVWRNUHœOHQLHZ]DMHPQ\FK UHODFMLQDMEDUG]LHMKLJURVNRSLMQ\FKVNâDGQLNyZ]âRůRQHMVWUXNWXU\PDODUVNLHM ²SâyWQD LNOHMX ²RUD] SUyED UR]VWU]\JQLęFLD QD LOH SUREOHP OHů\ ZSRG âRůX SâyWQR LSU]HNOHMHQLH NWyUH X]QDZDQH MHVW ]D JâyZQ\ F]\QQLN Z\ ZRâXMĊF\ QDSUęůHQLD ZREUD]DFK DZ MDNLP VWRSQLX RGSRZLHG]LDOQRœý ]D VSRVyEUHDJRZDQLDQDQLHVWDELOQHZDUXQNLOHů\SRVWURQLHVDPHJRSU]HNOH MHQLD ,ZUHV]FLH ²MDNL VSRVyE SU]\JRWRZDQLD SRGâRůD MHVW QDMZâDœFLZV]\ SRGZ]JOęGHP]DSHZQLHQLDVWDELOQRœFLREUD]RP

=DJDGQLHQLDWHPLPRůHWRZDU]\V]ĊNRQVHUZDWRURPRGNLONXG]LHVLĊW NyZ ODW QLH ]RVWDâ\ RVWDWHF]QLH UR]VWU]\JQLęWH 'LDJQR]XMĊF SU]\F]\Q\ QD SRGVWDZLHDQDOL]\]QLV]F]HľMDNUyZQLHůRNUHœODMĊFRJyOQĊNRQG\FMęREUD ]yZQDSâyWQLHEDGDF]HJHQHUDOQLHVWZLHUG]DOL]PLDQ\Z\PLDUyZEDGDQHJR PDWHULDâXRUD]Z\VWęSRZDQLHQDSUęůHľZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKZDUVWZDFKVWUXN WXU\]DE\WNRZHM&KęýSR]QDQLDJHQH]\W\FK]MDZLVNVWDâDVLęSRGVWDZĊSUDF QDXNRZFyZ ]QLH]DOHůQ\FK RœURGNyZ HXURSHMVNLFK LœZLDWRZ\FK QD SU]H VWU]HQLRVWDWQLFKF]WHUG]LHVWXODWSRF]ĊZV]\RG)GX3RQW&RUQHOLXVD>@ ²NWyU\MXůZURNX]ZUyFLâXZDJęQD]DOHůQRœýUHDNFMLSâyWQDRGNLH UXQNXZNWyU\PSUyENęZ\FLęWR²SRSU]H]9RONHUD6FKDLEOH>@6WHSKH QD+DFNQH\DL*HUU\·HJR+HGOH\D>@'HEUę'DO\L6WHIDQD0LFKDOVNLHJR >@SR%RJXPLâę-5RXED]HZVSyâSUDFRZQLNDPL>²@0DULRQ)0HF NOHQEXUJD >² ²@ *XVWDZD %HUJHUD L:LOOLDPD +5XVVHOOD >² ²@ MDN UyZQLHů &KULVWLQę <RXQJ >²@ 1LHNWyU]\ ]Z\PLHQLRQ\FK EDGDF]\ QDGDO SR]RVWDMĊ ZREV]DU]H ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD WĊ WHPDW\NĊ 3URZD G]RQHEDGDQLDNRQFHQWURZDâ\VLęSU]HZDůQLHQDSRPLDUDFKQDSUęůHľLRG NV]WDâFHľZ\ZRâ\ZDQ\FKZVWUXNWXU]HVSUHSDURZDQ\FKPRGHOLLPLWXMĊF\FK PDORZLGâD QD SâyWQDFK DVWRVRZDQD GR WHJR FHOX DSDUDWXUD SRPLDURZD RUyůQRURGQ\PFKDUDNWHU]HLZâDœFLZRœFLDFK]Z\NOHE\âDDXWRUVNRSURMHN WRZDQD SU]H] VDP\FK EDGDF]\ 6NRQVWUXRZDQ\ ZRSDUFLX R]DVDGę G]LD âDQLD WHUPRKLJURPHWUX ZâRVRZHJR SU]H] 6FKDLEOH LQVWUXPHQW XPRůOLZLDâ

(3)

DQDOL]ę SRMHG\QF]\FK UXFKyZ SâyWQD DWDNůH PRQLWRURZDQLH RGNV]WDâFHľ SâyWQD REFLĊůDQHJR VWDâĊ VLâĊ SRGGDQHJR G]LDâDQLX ]PLHQQ\FK ZDUXQNyZ NOLPDW\F]Q\FK1LHFRLQQHUR]ZLĊ]DQLH]DVWRVRZDOLQDSRWU]HE\VZRLFKGR FLHNDľ%HUJHUL5XVVHOONWyU]\VSHFMDOQLHGREDGDľPDODUVWZDV]WDOXJRZHJR QDSâyWQLHVNRQVWUXRZDOLSLHUZV]\WHVWHUQDSUęůHľ²Å%HUJHU5XVVHOOVWUHVV WHVWHUµ²XPRůOLZLDMĊF\UHMHVWUDFMę]PLDQFDâNRZLWHMGâXJRœFLSUyENL]GXůĊ GRNâDGQRœFLĊSU]\MHGQRF]HVQ\PSRPLDU]HQDSUęůHQLDZWNDQLQLH&RLVWRW QH²LQVWUXPHQWSR]ZDODâQDXWU]\PDQLHPRGHOXZVWDQLHQDSUęůHQLDRGSR ZLDGDMĊFHJR UHDOQ\P ZDUWRœFLRP X]\VNLZDQ\P SU]H] REUD]\ QD NURVQDFK PDODUVNLFK > @ :REX SU]\SDGNDFK GR EDGDľ SRVâXů\â\ RGSR ZLHGQLR SU]\JRWRZDQH PRGHOH EDGDZF]H R]UyůQLFRZDQHM LORœFL ZDUVWZ 1DWRPLDVW SHUVSHNW\Zę RGQLHVLHQLD Z\QLNyZ EDGDľ WDNůH GR UHDOQHM NRQ G\FMLREUD]yZ]DE\WNRZ\FKRWZRU]\âDSU]HG+DFNQH\·HPL+HGOH\·HP>@ VSRVREQRœý Z\NRU]\VWDQLD QDWXUDOQLH VWDU]RQ\FK SâyFLHQ LSRMHG\QF]\FK ZâyNLHQ]REUD]yZ]7DWH*DOOHU\GRSURZDG]RQ\FKSU]H]QLFKPLQSR PLDUyZ Z\WU]\PDâRœFLRZ\FK 3R]ZROLâR WR QD ]ZHU\ÀNRZDQLH RFHQ\ Z\ WU]\PDâRœFL RELHNWyZ SU]HFKRZ\ZDQ\FK ZZDUXQNDFK PX]HDOQ\FK 1RZH PRůOLZRœFLLQDU]ęG]LDGREH]SRœUHGQLHJREDGDQLDRELHNWyZ]DE\WNRZ\FK ]DRIHURZDâZNUyWFHUR]ZyMRSW\F]Q\FKWHFKQLNODVHURZ\FKSR]ZDODMĊF\FK QDSURZDG]HQLHEDGDľZVSRVyEQLHLQZD]\MQ\7HJRURG]DMXEDGDQLD]DF]ę âDSURZDG]Lý&KULVWLQD<RXQJ.RQFHQWUXMHVLęRQDQD]DVWRVRZDQLDFKHOHN WURQLF]QHMLQWHUIHURPHWULLSODPNRZHM(63,²DQJ(OHFWURQLF6SHFOH3DWWHUQ ',QWHUIHURPHWU\²NWyUDSR]ZDODQDX]\VNDQLHWUyMZ\PLDURZHMPDS\SR F\IURZ\PSU]HWZRU]HQLXXSU]HGQLR]DUHMHVWURZDQ\FKGDQ\FK²SRâĊF]RQHM ]GZXRVLRZ\P WHVWHUHP QDSUęůHQLD > @ .RU]\VWDMĊF ]Z\QDOH]LR QHJRSU]H]%HUJHUDL5XVVHOODLQVWUXPHQWX²LSRWZLHUG]DMĊF]DUD]HPMHJR SU]\GDWQRœý ²]DVWRVRZDâD ]D SRPRFĊ (63, UyZQRF]HVQ\ SRPLDU PRGHOL EDGDZF]\FKRQDGDQ\PVWDâ\PQDSUęůHQLX]DP\NDMĊFDSDUDWXUęEDGDZF]Ċ ZNRPRU]H NOLPDW\F]QHM ]UHJXORZDQ\PL ZDUXQNDPL <RXQJ ]DVWRVRZDâD (63, GR EDGDQLD PLHMVF RV]F]HJyOQHM EXGRZLH OXE XV]NRG]HQLDFK UHSH UDFML ORNDOQ\FK SâyWQD VSęNDľ ZDUVWZ\ PDODUVNLHM L]DSUDZ\ HIHNWHP F]H JRE\âR]DSURSRQRZDQLHQRZDWRUVNLFKUR]ZLĊ]DľNRQVHUZDWRUVNLFK>² @ 2VWDWQLR UyZQLHů ZH ZVSyâSUDF\ ]'HEDVKLV UR]ZLQęâD VZH EDGDZ F]H ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD ZVWURQę LQWHUIHURPHWULL ' XPRůOLZLDMĊFHM MHGQRF]H VQHZLHORZ\PLDURZHEDGDQLD>@

(4)

1D REHFQ\P HWDSLH UR]ZRMX EDGDľ Z\GDMH VLę ůH QRZH PRůOLZRœFL Z]DNUHVLH EDGDQLD RELHNWyZ WHNVW\OQ\FK VWRMĊ SU]HG PHWRGĊ ]DF]HUSQLęWĊ ]LQů\QLHULL PDWHULDâRZHM MDNĊ MHVW &\IURZD .RUHODFMD 2EUD]yZ DQJ ' 'LJLWDO ,PDJH &RUUHODWLRQ ²' ',& >@ =QDOD]âD RQD MXů ERZLHP ]D VWRVRZDQLHGREH]LQZD]\MQHJRWUyMZ\PLDURZHJREDGDQLDQDSUęůHľZWND QLQDFKMDNUyZQLHůGRGâXJRWHUPLQRZHJRPRQLWRURZDQLDSRZVWDMĊF\FKQD VNXWHN]PLDQNOLPDWXZRWRF]HQLXGHIRUPDFMLZKLVWRU\F]Q\FKJREHOLQDFK >²@ 3U]\GDWQRœý ',& GR EDGDQLD REUD]yZ QD SâyWQLH ]RVWDâD RVWDW QLR XGRZRGQLRQD ZRSDUFLX RHNVSHU\PHQW\ ]Xů\FLHP VSHFMDOQLH SU]\ JRWRZDQ\FK PRGHOL REUD]yZ ZNWyU\FK LPLWRZDQR UyůQRURGQH UHSHUDFMH ZREUęELH ZDUVWZ SLHUZRWQ\FK ']LęNL PHWRG]LH PRůQD QLH W\ONR Z\NU\ý GHIRUPDFMH L]ORNDOL]RZDý MH DOH WHů RNUHœOLý LFK ]DNUHV NV]WDâW DWDNůH SU]HELHJZF]DVLH>@3RSUDZLHQLHSDUDPHWUyZXU]ĊG]HQLDPRůHZSâ\QĊý ]QDF]ĊFRQDGDOV]HZ\QLNLDWDNůHXPRůOLZLýEDGDQLHU]HF]\ZLVW\FKRELHN WyZ]DE\WNRZ\FKQDSâyWQLH

6SRœUyG REHFQLH VWRVRZDQ\FK PHWRG QD XZDJę ]DVâXJXMĊ SRQDGWR WHFKQLNL KRORJUDÀF]QH KRORJUDÀD ²UHMHVWUXMĊFD LRGWZDU]DMĊFD WUyMZ\PLD URZHREUD]\SU]HGPLRWyZ²LLQWHUIHURPHWULDKRORJUDÀF]QD²SR]ZDODMĊFD X]\VNDý RGZ]RURZDQLH ]PLDQ ]DFKRG]ĊF\FK ZWUyMZ\PLDURZ\P RELHNFLH G]LęNL LQWHUIHUHQFML GZX REUD]yZ X]\VNDQ\FK SU]HG LSR GHIRUPDFML ,Q WHUIHURPHWULD KRORJUDÀF]QD MHVW ZLHORZDULDQWRZĊ PHWRGĊ VWRVRZDQĊ JâyZ QLH GR GLDJQRVW\NL PRQLWRURZDQLD LGRNXPHQWRZDQLD VWDQX RELHNWyZ QD V]W\ZQ\FK SRGâRůDFK PDODUVWZR œFLHQQH WDEOLFRZH U]HŭE\ -HVW MHGQDN VWRVXQNRZRU]DGNRZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQD]HZ]JOęGXQDF]DVRFKâRQQRœýNRV] WRZQRœý LZ\VRNLH Z\PDJDQLD FR GR VWDELOQRœFL DSDUDWXU\ >²@ 6]\E V]ĊLSURVWV]ĊZREVâXG]HMHVW]ZDQDWHůYLGHRKRORJUDÀĊZ]PLDQNRZDQDMXů

HOHNWURQLF]QD LQWHUIHURPHWULD SODPNRZD (63, 2SLV\ W\FK PHWRG ]JâyZ Q\P]DVWRVRZDQLHPGREDGDľRELHNWyZQDV]W\ZQ\FKSRGâRůDFK]DZLHUDMĊ SU]HJOĊGRZHDUW\NXâ\DXWRUVWZD'XOLHX%DUWRQDLLQ>@DWDNůH$PEUR VLQL·HJRL3DROHWWL>@

2GQRWRZDý QDOHů\ WHů GZD LQQHJR URG]DMX QDU]ęG]LD SU]\GDWQH GR PRQLWRURZDQLD QDSUęůHľ LRGNV]WDâFHľ WHNVW\OLyZ 3LHUZV]\P ]W\FK QD U]ęG]L VĊ ZâyNQD RSW\F]QH Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQH MDNR F]XMQLNL GR SRPLDUX QD SUęůHľ Z\NU\ZDQLD GHIRUPDFML LXV]NRG]Hľ PDWHULDâyZ .U]HPLRQNRZH ZâyNQDRSW\F]QHZNWyU\FKF]Xâ\PHOHPHQWHPMHVWœZLDWâRZRGRZDVLDWND

(5)

%UDJJD )%* ²DQJ )LEUH %UDJJ *UDWLQJ ]DVWRVRZDQH ]RVWDâ\ GR PRQL WRURZDQLD ]DE\WNRZ\FK WNDQLQ ZHNVSR]\FML PX]HDOQHM ZHâQLDQROQLDQHJR NLOLPX JG]LH OHQ VWDQRZLâ RVQRZę DZHâQD ZĊWHN LZHâQLDQHJR JREHOLQX ÁDPDQG]NLHJR>@3RPLDU\Z\ND]Dâ\ůHWNDQLQ\RGSRZLDGDMĊSUDZLHQD W\FKPLDVW QD ZDKDQLD ZLOJRWQRœFL Z]JOęGQHM SU]\ F]\P ]QDF]QLH VLOQLHM ZNLHUXQNXZĊWNX

'UXJLH QDU]ęG]LH RFKDUDNWHU]H NRQWDNWRZ\P Z\NRU]\VWXMH F]XMQLNL WHQVRPHWU\F]QH GR EDGDQLD ]PLDQ OLQLRZ\FK RGNV]WDâFHľ RELHNWyZ 3U]HG NLONXQDVWX ODW\ Z7RUXQLX SRGMęWR SUyE\ Z\NRU]\VWDQLD WHQVRPHWULL HOHN WURRSRURZHMGRPRQLWRURZDQLDQDSUęůHľZSâyFLHQQ\FKSRGREUD]LDFKPD ODUVNLFK_{> @ 7HQVRPHWULD RSRURZD VWRVXMĊF F]XMQLNL WHQVRPHWU\F]QH} SRZRGXMH PLHMVFRZH XV]W\ZQLHQLH EDGDQHJR PDWHULDâX FR Z\ND]Dâ\ UyZ QRF]HVQH EDGDQLD ]Z\NRU]\VWDQLHP (63, SURZDG]RQH SU]H] <RXQJ >@ %DGDQLD SURZDG]RQH ]D SRPRFĊ RE\GZX W\FK PHWRG QDOHůĊ ZRGUyůQLH QLX RG Z\ůHM Z]PLDQNRZDQ\FK PHWRG RSW\F]Q\FK GR JUXS\ PHWRG NRQ WDNWRZ\FK ²FR MHVW LFK ]DVDGQLF]Ċ ZDGĊ 3RQDGWR F]XMQLNL VWRVRZDQH GR EDGDľ QDOHů\ VSHFMDOQLH GRVWUDMDý GR ZâDœFLZRœFL EDGDQHJR RELHNWX DZ\ QLNLEDGDľVĊEDUG]RWUXGQHGRRSUDFRZDQLDLLQWHUSUHWDFML

'\QDPLF]Q\ UR]ZyM PHWRG\ 7RPRJUDÀL 2SW\F]QHM 2&7 NWyUD RSUyF] SRGVWDZRZ\FK ]DVWRVRZDľ PHG\F]Q\FK ]QDOD]âD Z\NRU]\VWDQLH GR EDGDQLDSU]HGPLRWyZ]DE\WNRZ\FK]URG]LâQDG]LHMHQDPRůOLZRœýUR]ZLĊ ]DQLD WDNůH L]DJDGQLHľ ]ZLĊ]DQ\FK ]UHDNFMDPL REUD]yZ SâyFLHQQ\FK QD ]PLHQQHZDUXQNLNOLPDW\F]QHSU]\Xů\FLXWHMZâDœQLHPHWRG\2ERNJâyZ QHJRQXUWX]DVWRVRZDľGREDGDQLDZHZQęWU]QHMVWUXNWXU\G]LęNLSU]H]UR F]\VWRœFL ZDUVWZ GOD SURPLHQLRZDQLD SRGF]HUZRQHJR 2&7 ERZLHP GDMH WHů PRůOLZRœý Z\NRU]\VWDQLD MDNR QDU]ęG]LH SURÀORPHWU\F]QH XPRůOLZLD MĊFHSUHF\]\MQHœOHG]HQLHGHIRUPDFMLEDGDQHMSRZLHU]FKQLZWU]HFKNLHUXQ NDFK MHGQRF]HœQLH FR ]RVWDâR SRWZLHUG]RQH ZH ZF]HœQLHMV]\FK EDGDQLDFK WRUXľVNLHJR]HVSRâX>²@

_{%DGDQLDQDGW\PWUXGQ\PWHPDWHPSURZDG]RQHE\â\PLęG]\LQQ\PLZUDPDFKSUDF}

PDJLVWHUVNLFK Z=.0L53 1RZDWRUVND SRG W\P Z]JOęGHP E\âD SUDFD $*X]RZVNLHM ] URNX 'R EDGDľ ]RVWDâD ZyZF]DV VSHFMDOQLH ]DSURMHNWRZDQD LZ\NRQDQD Z,QVW\ WXFLH )L]\NL DSDUDWXUD NWyUD XPRůOLZLâD REVHUZDFMę PLNURUXFKyZ SâyFLHQ LSRPLDU Z\ ZRâ\ZDQ\FK ZQLFK QDSUęůHľ :RVWDWQLFK ODWDFK WHPDW ]RVWDâ SRZWyUQLH SRGMęW\ ZH ZVSyâSUDF\]8.:Z%\GJRV]F]\L]UHDOL]RZDQ\ZUDPDFKSUDF\0*XUE\

(6)

2. Tomografia optyczna (OCT)

3RGVWDZRZ\P QDU]ęG]LHP EDGDZF]\P NWyUH Z\NRU]\VWDQR ZSU]HSURZD G]RQ\FK EDGDQLDFK MHVW 6SHNWUDOQ\ 7RPRJUDI 2&7 RSUDFRZDQ\ L]PR GHUQL]RZDQ\ VSHFMDOQLH GOD EDGDľ NRQVHUZDWRUVNLFK Z =HVSROH )L]\NL 0HG\F]QHM,):)L$80.

7RPRJUDÀD 2SW\F]QD DQJ 2SWLFDO &RKHUHQFH 7RPRJUDSK\ 2&7 ²WRPRJUDÀD ]]DVWRVRZDQLHP LQWHUIHURPHWULL œZLDWâD F]ęœFLRZR VSyMQHJR ²MHVW QRZRF]HVQĊ G\QDPLF]QLH UR]ZLMDMĊFĊ VLę WHFKQLNĊ NWyUD XPRůOLZLD EDGDQLH ZHZQęWU]QHM VWUXNWXU\ SU]HGPLRWyZ NWyU\FK ZDUVWZ\ VĊ SU]\QDM PQLHMF]ęœFLRZRSU]H]URF]\VWH7HFKQLNDWDSR]ZDODX]\VNLZDýREUD]\SU]H NURMyZEDGDQ\FKRELHNWyZ']LHMHVLęWDNQDVNXWHNZ\GRE\FLDLQIRUPDFML GRVWDUF]DQHM SU]H] œZLDWâR UR]SURV]RQH ZNLHUXQNX ZVWHF]Q\P QD QLHFLĊ JâRœFLDFK VWUXNWXU\ WHJR RELHNWX :PHWRG]LH VWRVXMH VLę SURPLHQLRZDQLH SRGF]HUZRQH RPRF\ ]DOHGZLH NLONX PLOLZDWyZ GR P: QD RELHNFLH FR GHF\GXMH RMHM QLHLQZD]\MQ\P FKDUDNWHU]H 3RGNUHœOLý QDOHů\ Lů MHVW WR PHWRGDV]\ENDFDâNRZLFLHEH]NRQWDNWRZDFR]DSHZQLDEH]SLHF]HľVWZR]D E\WNRZHMVWUXNWXU]HPRůHE\ý]DWHPVWRVRZDQDNLONDNURWQLHLSRZWDU]DQD ZZLHOXPLHMVFDFKRELHNWXEH]U\]\NDVSRZRGRZDQLDXV]NRG]Hľ:F]DVLH SU]HSURZDG]DQLD HNVSHU\PHQWX ZQDMPQLHMV]\P QDZHW ]DNUHVLH QLH ]PLH QLD ZâDœFLZRœFL EDGDQHJR RELHNWX QLH ZSURZDG]D QDSUęůHľ LQLH ZSâ\ZD W\PVDP\PQD]DIDâV]RZDQLHZ\QLNyZSRPLDUyZ

6SHF\ÀF]Q\P QLHW\SRZ\P VSRVREHP Z\NRU]\VWDQLD XU]ĊG]HQLD 2&7 MHVW]DVWRVRZDQLHJRMDNRQDU]ęG]LDSURÀORPHWU\F]QHJRJG]LHSRGF]DVEDGDľ QLH MHVW Z\PDJDQD QDZHW F]ęœFLRZD SU]HMU]\VWRœý ZDUVWZ EDGDQHJR RELHN WX :V]F]HJyOQ\P SU]\SDGNX PRůOLZH MHVW Z\NU\ZDQLH LUHMHVWURZDQLH SR âRůHQLDSXQNWXQDSRZLHU]FKQLEDGDQHJRSU]HGPLRWXRUD]MHJRSU]HVXQLęFLD ZWU]HFK NLHUXQNDFK MHGQRF]HœQLH DZLęF QLH ZSâDV]F]\ŭQLH DOH ZSU]H VWU]HQLFRQDOHů\X]QDý]DQDMLVWRWQLHMV]Ċ]DOHWęPHWRG\Z\UyůQLDMĊFĊMĊSR ]\W\ZQLHQDWOHLQQ\FKUR]ZLĊ]Dľ²PHWRG\ID]RZHWDNLHMDNLQWHUIHURPHWULD SODPNRZD F]\ KRORJUDÀD PLPR ůH EDUG]LHM F]XâH RG]QDF]DMĊ VLę WUXGQR œFLĊZUyZQRF]HVQ\PSRPLDU]HSU]HPLHV]F]DQLDZSâDV]F]\ŭQLHSRZLHU]FKQL RELHNWXLZNLHUXQNXSURVWRSDGâ\PGRWHMSRZLHU]FKQL3RQDGWR]DOHWĊWHFK

(7)

QLNL2&7MDNRPHWRG\QDWęůHQLRZHMMHVWWRůHQLHNRU]\VWDRQD]LQIRUPD FML ID]RZHM :\]QDF]HQLH SRâRůHQLD RELHNWX SU]HG LSR ]PLDQLH ZDUXQNyZ œURGRZLVNDRGE\ZDVLęQLH]DOHůQLH6SHF\ÀNDGZXNURWQHJRSRPLDUX²SU]HG LSR]DG]LDâDQLXF]\QQLND]RWRF]HQLD²QLH]EęGQHJRGRX]\VNDQLDLQIRUPD FMLRID]LHIDOLœZLHWOQHMUR]SURV]RQHMQDRELHNFLH]SRUyZQDQLDNWyU\FKZ\ ]QDF]D VLę SU]HVXQLęFLH ²VSUDZLD ůH RELHNW Z\PDJD VWDELOL]DFML Z]JOęGHP XNâDGX SRPLDURZHJR ]GRNâDGQRœFLĊ GR XâDPND GâXJRœFL IDOL :U]HF]\ZL VWRœFL R]QDF]D WR NRQLHF]QRœý XPLHV]F]HQLD RELHNWX ]GHWHNWRUHP QD VWROH RSW\F]Q\PZODERUDWRULXP1DSRPLDUPHWRGĊ2&7QLHPDMĊZSâ\ZX]PLD Q\ZDUWRœFLZVSyâF]\QQLND]DâDPDQLDœZLDWâDZSRZLHWU]XZRNyâEDGDQHJR RELHNWX Z\ZRâDQH ]PLDQDPL WHPSHUDWXU\ RWRF]HQLD SRGF]DV JG\ ZSU]\ SDGNX Z\]QDF]DQLD ID]\ IDOL UR]SURV]RQHM ZSâ\Z WHQ MHVW ]QDF]ĊF\ 2&7 MHVW WDNůH SR]EDZLRQD QLHMHGQR]QDF]QRœFL Z\]QDF]HQLD SRâRůHQLD FKDUDNWH U\VW\F]QHJR GOD PHWRG ID]RZ\FK SKDVH DPELJXLW\ MDN EâĊG NLHUXQNX LEâĊG

SHULRG\F]QRœFL7DNZLęFEDGDQLHPRůHE\ýZ\NRQDQHZV]ęG]LHLZNDůG\FK ZDUXQNDFKSRGF]DVJG\ZSU]\SDGNXSR]RVWDâ\FKPHWRGZ\VWęSXMH]QDF]QD WUXGQRœý ZSU]HQLHVLHQLX SRPLDUyZ GR DXWHQW\F]QHJR œURGRZLVND RELHNWX 1LHJRGQRœFLĊPHWRG\2&7MHVWZ]JOęGQLHQLHZLHONLREV]DUPRůOLZ\GRUyZ QRF]HVQHJREDGDQLD²]D]Z\F]DMQLHSU]HNUDF]DRQUR]PLDUyZPP :V]\VWNLHXU]ĊG]HQLD2&7Z\SRVDůRQHVĊZVSHF\ÀF]QHŭUyGâDSUR PLHQLRZDQLD SRGF]HUZRQHJR ]DSHZQLDMĊFH ²G]LęNL GXůHM VSyMQRœFL SU]H VWU]HQQHM ²X]\VNDQLH ]QDF]QHM F]XâRœFL WRPRJUDIX 'UXJD ZâDœFLZRœý FKDUDNWHU\]XMĊFD ŭUyGâR SURPLHQLRZDQLD ²PDâD VSyMQRœý F]DVRZD Z\QL NDMĊFD]GXůHMV]HURNRœFLVSHNWUDOQHMZLGPDSURPLHQLRZDQLD²RNUHœODLQQ\ ZDůQ\SDUDPHWUXU]ĊG]HQLDMDNLPMHVWRVLRZD]GROQRœýUR]G]LHOF]DZJâĊE EDGDQHJRRELHNWX:LHONRœýWDSR]ZDODRV]DFRZDýPLQLPDOQĊPRůOLZĊGR ]DUHMHVWURZDQLD JUXERœý REVHUZRZDQHM ZDUVWZ\ :XU]ĊG]HQLX VNRQVWUX RZDQ\P GOD SRWU]HE EDGDľ NRQVHUZDWRUVNLFK Z,QVW\WXFLH )L]\NL 80. MDNR ŭUyGâR œZLDWâD ]DVWRVRZDQR ]HVSyâ VSU]ęůRQ\FK RSW\F]QLH GLRG VX SHUOXPLQHVFHQF\MQ\FK HPLWXMĊF\ œZLDWâR SRGF]HUZRQH R ]DNUHVLH GâXJRœFL IDO RG QP GR QP REH]SLHF]Q\P QDWęůHQLX ² P: 5R] G]LHOF]Rœý RVLRZD ZWRUXľVNLP WRPRJUDÀH Z\QRVL ƬP ZSRZLHWU]X QDWRPLDVWUR]G]LHOF]RœýSRSU]HF]QDNWyUDGHWHUPLQXMHPLQLPDOQ\UR]PLDU REVHUZRZDQ\FKVWUXNWXUZ\QRVLRNƬP6]F]HJyâ\EXGRZ\WRPRJUDIX PRůQD]QDOHŭýZDUW\NXOH>@

(8)

.RQVWUXNFMHLZâDœFLZRœFLZV]HONLFKRGPLDQ2&7VĊV]F]HJyâRZRRSL VDQHZOLWHUDWXU]HSU]HGPLRWXREV]HUQHRPyZLHQLHSUH]HQWXMHQSPRQR JUDÀDSRGUHGDNFMĊ)XMLPRWR>@QDWRPLDVWSU]HJOĊG]DVWRVRZDľGREDGDľ PDWHULDâRZ\FK]QDMG]LHP\ZDUW\NXOH6WLIWHUD>@=DVWRVRZDQLDœFLœOHNRQ VHUZDWRUVNLH RPyZLRQH VĊ ZGZX DUW\NXâDFK SU]HJOĊGRZ\FK > @ =H VWDZLHQLHZV]\VWNLFKGRWĊGRSXEOLNRZDQ\FKZMę]\NXDQJLHOVNLPLSROVNLP QD œZLHFLH GRQLHVLHľ GRW\F]ĊF\FK Z\NRU]\VWDQLD WRPRJUDÀL RSW\F]QHM GR EDGDľ G]LHâ V]WXNL LZ LFK NRQVHUZDFML ]DZLHUD ZLWU\QD LQWHUQHWRZD ZZZ RFWDUWHX

3. Metodyka badań

%DGDQLDZ\NRQDQH]RVWDâ\QDPRGHODFKV\PXOXMĊF\FKREUD]\QDSRGâRůDFK SâyFLHQQ\FKRUyůQRURGQ\FKVWUXNWXUDFK

³ QD QRZ\P IDEU\F]Q\P SâyWQLH RFKDUDNWHU]H ]EOLůRQ\P GR UHJXODU QHJR

³ QDQRZ\PIDEU\F]Q\PSâyWQLHRQLHUHJXODUQ\PFKDUDNWHU]H

³ QDNLONXUyůQ\FKVWDU\FKSâyWQDFKX]\VNDQ\FKSRUR]GXEORZDQLXZWyU QHJR Z]PRFQLHQLD SRGâRůD REUD]yZ ]DE\WNRZ\FK GRGDWNRZ\P SâyW QHP

3âyWQDSU]HNOHMRQRMHGQ\PURG]DMHPNOHMXůHODW\QDWHFKQLF]QDZGZX UyůQ\FKVWęůHQLDFKLGZXSRVWDFLDFK

³ L]LPQ\PL]ůHORZDQ\PLRUD] ³ LFLHSâ\PLSâ\QQ\PLUR]WZRUDPL

1D ZV]\VWNLH WDN SU]\JRWRZDQH SRGâRůD QDQLHVLRQR GZXNURWQLH ELDâĊ ]DSUDZę HPXOV\MQĊ L PRQRFKURPDW\F]QH ZDUVWZ\ PDODUVNLH VNâDGDMĊFH VLę ]WU]HFK ZDUVWZ XJURZHM WHPSHU\ ND]HLQRZHM LZ\NRľF]HQLRZHJR DOL]DU\ QRZHJRROHMQHJRODVHUXQNX-HGQĊSDUWLęPRGHOLEDGDZF]\FKSR]RVWDZLRQR EH]ZSURZDG]DQLDGRGDWNRZ\FKVXEVWDQFMLZVWDQLHF]\VW\PWHFKQRORJLF] QLHGZLHSR]RVWDâHJUXS\SU]HV\FRQRVSRLZDPLNRQVROLGXMĊF\PLR]UyůQL FRZDQ\PFKDUDNWHU]H

³ ZRGQ\P²SROLDONRKROHPZLQ\ORZ\PGUXJDJUXSD

³ UR]SXV]F]DOQLNRZ\P ² UR]WZRUHP %(9$ ZEHQ]\QLH ODNR ZHMWU]HFLDJUXSD

(9)

3UyENL SU]\JRWRZ\ZDQR ZVSRVyE DQDORJLF]Q\ GR WHFKQRORJLL Z\NR Q\ZDQLD GDZQ\FK PDORZLGHâ ²SRV]F]HJyOQH ZDUVWZ\ QDNâDGDQH E\â\ QD ]GHNDW\]RZDQHLSR]EDZLRQH]DQLHF]\V]F]HľSâyWQDQDSUęůRQHLSU]\PRFR ZDQH]V]\ZNDPLWDSLFHUVNLPLGRGUHZQLDQ\FKNURVLHQPDODUVNLFK:WDNLHM SRVWDFL SUyENL VH]RQRZDQR NLONDQDœFLH PLHVLęF\ ZZDUXQNDFK SRZLHWU] QRVXFK\FK WHPS ²_{& 5+ ² :FHOX Z\HOLPLQRZDQLD ZSâ\} ZX KLJURVNRSLMQHJR GUHZQD QD UHDNFMH SâyFLHQ LXQLNQLęFLD ]DIDâV]RZDQLD Z\QLNyZ SRPLDUyZ SU]HG SU]\VWĊSLHQLHP GR HWDSX EDGDľ ]UH]\JQRZDQR ]WUDG\F\MQ\FK EOHMWUDPyZ QD U]HF] PHWDORZHJR NURVQD RERMęWQHJR ZR EHFZDKDľNOLPDW\F]Q\FK=SU]\JRWRZDQ\FKPRGHOLZ\FLęWRSUyENLRZ\ PLDUDFK FP LNROHMQR PRQWRZDQR ZV]F]ęNDFK PHWDORZ\FK NURVLHQ ]NWyU\FK GZLH E\â\ QLHUXFKRPH GZLH ]Dœ QD SU]HJXEDFK XPRů OLZLDMĊF\FK VZRERGQ\ UXFK SâyWQD SRâĊF]RQH ]WHQVRPHWUDPL =DRSDWU]H QLHZVSUęů\QęœUXEGRFLVNRZ\FKVâXůĊF\FKGRUHJXODFMLQDSUęůHQLDSUyENL ]DSHZQLDâRXWU]\PDQLHVWDâHJRSR]LRPXQDSUęůHQLDNWyU\Z\MœFLRZRXVWD ORQRQDRN1²1_LO

7DNSU]\JRWRZDQ\XNâDGEDGDZF]\SR]RVWDZDâZNRPRU]HNOLPDW\F] QHM SU]H] RN K FR SR]ZDODâR QD UHODNVDFMę XVWDELOL]RZDQLH LXVWDOH QLH VLę ZâDœFLZHJR ²GOD NRQNUHWQHM SUyENL ²QDSUęůHQLD SRF]ĊWNRZHJR 8]DOHůQLRQH RQR E\âR RG V]W\ZQRœFLHODVW\F]QRœFL SUyENL RUD] SR]LRPX ZLOJRWQRœFLZ]JOęGQHMZRWRF]HQLX=Z\NOHSRXSâ\ZLHWHJRF]DVXQDSUę ůHQLHQLH]QDF]QLHVSDGDâRZSU]\SDGNXNLONXSUyEHNQLHFRZ]URVâR3U]HG SU]\VWĊSLHQLHP GR SRPLDUyZ QLH UHJXORZDQR MXů QDSUęůHQLD GR NWyUHJR VDPRF]\QQLH XVWDZLâD VLę SUyEND WUDNWXMĊF MH MDNR VSHF\ÀF]QH LFKDUDN WHU\VW\F]QH GOD GDQHJR PRGHOX 8NâDG EDGDZF]\ VNRQVWUXRZDQ\ ]RVWDâ ]GZX NRPyU ²JâyZQHM ZLęNV]HM V]F]HOQHM Z\NRQDQHM ]H V]NâD SOHNVL JODVX LDOXPLQLXP XVWDZLRQHM QD VWROH RSW\F]Q\P ²ZQLHM XPLHV]F]DQR

_{:DUWRœýRNUHœORQRQDSRGVWDZLHZ\QLNyZEDGDľ*$%HUJHUDL:+5XVVHOOD>@} NWyU]\XVWDOLOLůHZDUWRœFLVLâ\]MDNĊPRůQDQDSUęů\ýSâyWQRQLHSRZRGXMĊFMHJRZLGRF] QHJRRGNV]WDâFHQLDSODVW\F]QHJRMHVWQLVNDL]DZLHUDVLęPLHG]\D1P-HœOLSâyWQR ]RVWDQLHQDSUęůRQHQDVWDâ\PNURœQLHSRZ\ůHMWHMJUDQLF\GRFKRG]LGRMHJRSODVW\F]QHJR RGNV]WDâFHQLDDQDSUęůHQLHJZDâWRZQLHVSDGDGRZDUWRœFLPDNV\PDOQHJRXWU]\P\ZDQHJR QDSUęůHQLD067NWyUĊWNDQLQDMHVWZVWDQLHXWU]\PDý067Z\UDůDJyUQ\SUyJGRSXV] F]DOQHM ZDUWRœFL QDSUęůHľ ZREUD]DFK QD SâyWQLH LMHVW ]QDF]QLH QLůV]\ QLů ZDUWRœFL ]Z\ NOHVWRVRZDQHZSU]HP\œOHGREDGDQLDQRœQRœFLOXEVLâ\WNDQLQ\

(10)

PHWDORZHNURVQR]QDSUęůRQĊSUyENĊZVSDUWHQDF]WHUHFKVWDORZ\FKSRG SRUDFK0QLHMV]DNRPRUD]WZRU]\ZDV]WXF]QHJRNWyUDVWDQRZLâDPDJD]\Q ZLOJRFL EĊGŭ VXEVWDQFML RVXV]DMĊFHM ²ůHOX VLOLNRQRZHJR Z ]DOHůQRœFL RG URG]DMXF\NOXXV\WXRZDQDE\âDSR]DVWRâHPLSRâĊF]RQD]NRPRUĊJâyZ QĊ HODVW\F]Q\PL UXUDPL WUDQVSRUWXMĊF\PL ZLOJRý LO 6SUDZQ\ WUDQVSRUW ZLOJRFL ]DSHZQLDâR ]DVWRVRZDQLH HOHNWU\F]QHJR ZHQW\ODWRUD RQLVNLP QD SLęFLX9]ORNDOL]RZDQHJRZPLHMVFXSRâĊF]HQLDMHGQHM]UXU]HœFLDQ NĊ PQLHMV]HM NRPRU\ .DůGD SUyEND SRGGDZDQD E\âD NRQWURORZDQHPX RGG]LDâ\ZDQLX NOLPDWX R]PLHQQHM ZLOJRWQRœFL Z]JOęGQHM LVWDâHM WHPSH UDWXU]H ZGZXNURWQLH SRZWDU]DQ\FK F]WHURJRG]LQQ\FK F\NODFK QDZLOůD QLD ²²²²² 5K RUD] Z WUZDMĊF\FK WDNůH F]WHU\ JRG]LQ\ GZyFK F\NODFK SU]HVXV]DQLD ²² 5K NWyU\FK SU]HELHJ ]DSURMHN WRZDQR ZRSDUFLX RZ\QLNL EDGDľ NOLPDW\F]Q\FK ZZDUXQNDFK U]HF]\ZL VW\FKZ]DE\WNRZ\FKNRœFLRâDFKDWDNůHZSRPLHV]F]HQLDFKPX]HDOQ\FK 3RGF]DV WUZDQLD NDůGHJR F\NOX REVHUZRZDQR L² SU]\ Xů\FLX NRPSXWH UD²UHMHVWURZDQRSRâRůHQLHSXQNWX]QDMGXMĊFHJRVLęQDSRZLHU]FKQLZDU VWZ\PDODUVNLHMMHGQRF]HœQLHZWU]HFKNLHUXQNDFK;<RVQRZ\LZĊWNX RUD]ZNLHUXQNX=ZNLHUXQNXSURVWRSDGâ\PGRSâDV]F]\]Q\3XQNWSR PLDURZ\]RVWDâZ\]QDF]RQ\ZQDURůQLNXSUyEHN]QDMGXMĊF\PVLęQDMEOLůHM WHQVRPHWUyZZRGOHJâRœFLFPFPRGNUDZęG]LOLFDDVWDQRZLâD JRPDOHľNDNURSNDQDQLHVLRQDNRQLXV]NLHPVUHEU]\VWHJRPDUNHUDQDF]DU Q\ SRGNâDG ZIRUPLH NZDGUDWX RERNX FP Z\NRQDQ\ IDUEĊ ZRGQĊ 5yZQRF]HœQLH GUXJL NRPSXWHU UHMHVWURZDâ ZDUWRœFL QDSUęůHľ ZNLHUXQNX ZĊWNX LRVQRZ\ SUyEHN DWDNůH ZDUWRœFL ZLOJRWQRœFL Z]JOęGQHM LWHPSH UDWXU\ZHZQĊWU]NRPRU\JâyZQHM²WHGZDRVWDWQLHSDUDPHWU\SU]\Xů\FLX F]XMQLND+\JUR&OLS6ÀUP\5RWURQLF6ZLW]HUODQG

_{%DGDQLD WH SURZDG]RQH VĊ RG ZLHOX ODW SU]H] %- 5RXEę L/ 7\PLľVNĊ:LGPHU}

]=.0L53 $XWRUNL DQDOL]XMĊF SRPLDU\ NOLPDW\F]QH ]DXZDů\â\ ůH WHPSR ]PLDQ XZDUXQ NRZDQHXů\WNRZDQLHPW\SRZ\PGODPLHMVFNXOWXUHOLJLMQHJRLRœURGNyZNXOWXU\MHVWGXůR ZLęNV]HQLůSU]HFLęWQLHVSRW\NDQH:\QLNLW\FKEDGDľSRVâXů\â\GR]DSURMHNWRZDQLDSU]H ELHJX]PLDQZLOJRWQRœFLZ]JOęGQHMZRSLV\ZDQ\FKEDGDQLDFK

_{6WDQRZLâD JR F]HUľ NRVWQD VNOHMRQD 3$: =DVWRVRZDQLH FDâNRZLFLH PDWRZHJR}

SRGNâDGXZRNyâEâ\V]F]ĊFHJR]QDF]QLNDRND]DâRVLęNRQLHF]QRœFLĊ]HZ]JOęGXQDQLHZLHO NĊ PRůOLZRœý SU]HFKZ\FHQLD SU]H] XNâDG RSW\F]Q\ NRQNXUHQF\MQHJR UHÁHNVX SRFKRG]Ċ FHJR]QLHUyZQRœFLSRâ\VNOLZHMZDUVWZ\PDODUVNLHMLW\PVDP\P]DIDâV]RZDQLHSRPLDUyZ

(11)

4. Rezultaty badań

:\QLNLX]\VNDQRZSRVWDFLGDQ\FKOLF]ERZ\FKUHMHVWURZDQ\FKFRVH NXQG SRâRůHQLH ZVSyâU]ęGQ\FK PRQLWRURZDQHJR SXQNWX QD MHGQ\P LFR VHNXQG ZLOJRWQRœý Z]JOęGQD WHPSHUDWXUD QDSUęůHQLD QD GUX JLP NRPSXWHU]H :\NRU]\VWDQR MH GR ZVWęSQHJR JUDÀF]QHJR SU]HGVWD ZLHQLD SU]HELHJX HNVSHU\PHQWyZ 1D ZVSyOQ\P GOD SRMHG\QF]HJR F\NOX Z\NUHVLH ]REUD]RZDQR OLQLRZR QDMZDůQLHMV]H SDUDPHWU\ WR MHVW RGNV]WDâ FHQLDZVSyâU]ęGQ\FK;<=REVHUZRZDQHJRSXQNWX]PLDQ\ZLOJRWQRœFL Z]JOęGQHM SRZLHWU]D DWDNůH ZDUWRœFL QDSUęůHľ ZNLHUXQNX )\ L)[ EDGDQHMSUyENL3U]\NâDGRZHZ\NUHV\SUH]HQWRZDQHSRQLůHM]HVWDZLRQHVĊ GODPRGHOLQDUyůQ\FKSâyWQDFKUHJXODUQ\PQLHUHJXODUQ\PLVWDU\PSU]H NOHMRQ\FK WDNLP VDP\P NOHMHP ² ůHODW\QĊ WHFKQLF]QĊ ]DDSOLNRZDQĊ QDFLHSâREH]GRGDWNRZ\FKVSRLZNRQVROLGXMĊF\FK:V]\VWNLHWU]\Z\NUH V\ XND]XMĊ SU]HELHJ SLHUZV]\FK F\NOL ZWUDNFLH NWyU\FK SUyENL SRGGDQR JZDâWRZQHPXQDZLOůDQLX]DNRľF]RQHPXVWDELOL]DFMĊZDUXQNyZLODNLO NDW\JRGQLSyŭQLHMSU]HVXV]DQLXSRQLůHMSR]LRPX]DOHFDQHJRGODSU]HFKR Z\ZDQLD]DE\WNyZLO=HVWDZLHQLHSR]ZDODGRVWU]HFUyůQLFHZ]DNUHVLH LSU]HELHJX RGNV]WDâFHľ ZVSyâU]ęGQ\FK ; < = SRPLęG]\ SRV]F]HJyOQ\ PL SâyWQDPL :NDůG\P ]WU]HFK NLHUXQNyZ RGNV]WDâFHQLH MHVW Z\UDŭQH QDMPRFQLHMV]H ZNLHUXQNL < ]JRGQ\P ]ZĊWNLHP ²ZWUDNFLH QDZLOůDQLD QDVWĊSLâDQDW\FKPLDVWRZDZLHORNLHUXQNRZDUHDNFMDSUyENLQDZ]URVWZLOJRW QRœFLZ]JOęGQHMZMHMRWRF]HQLXDWDNůH]PLDQDZ\PLDUyZSUyEHNVSRZR GRZDQDQDMSUDZGRSRGREQLHMSęF]QLHQLHPNOHMXNWyU\]GRPLQRZDâSâyWQR 3R ]DNRľF]HQLX QDZLOůDQLD RGNV]WDâFHQLD QLHFR ]âDJRGQLDâ\ LFRIQęâ\ VLę DOH QLH SRZUyFLâ\ GR SRâRůHQLD Z\MœFLRZHJR QDZHW SR XVWDELOL]RZDQLX VLę ZDUXQNyZ:SU]\SDGNXF\NOLSU]HVXV]DQLDQDSâyWQLHUHJXODUQ\PQDMZLęN V]HRGNV]WDâFHQLHPLDâRPLHMVFHZNLHUXQNX=SU]\SUDZLHMHGQDNRZRUH DJXMĊF\FK ; L< 1D Z\NUHVLH œURGNRZ\P NWyU\ GRW\F]\ QLHUHJXODUQHJR SâyWQD QD VSDGHN ZLOJRWQRœFL QDMPRFQLHM ]DUHDJRZDâ NLHUXQHN ; ]JRG Q\]RVQRZĊZSâyWQLHVWDU\PRGSRZLHGŭZHZV]\VWNLFKNLHUXQNDFKE\âD ]EOLůRQDLVWRVXQNRZRQLHZLHONDDRGNV]WDâFHQLHQLHPDOSRZUyFLâRGRSR F]ĊWNRZHJRSRâRůHQLD7DNDIRUPD]REUD]RZDQLDZ\QLNyZSU]\WDNGXůHM

(12)

LORœFLPDWHULDâXSRUyZQDZF]HJRPRůHE\ýWUDNWRZDQDMHG\QLHMDNRZVWęSQD -HGQDN MXů WDNLH SRUyZQDQLH Z\NUHVyZ SR]ZROLâR ]DXZDů\ý UyůQLFH ZUH DNFMDFKSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKSUyEHNQDZDKDQLDNOLPDW\F]QH ³ ZREUęELHWDNLFKVDP\FKSâyFLHQZNDůGHM]WU]HFKJUXSSU]\]Uyů QLFRZDQ\PSU]HNOHMHQLX²]DUyZQRSRGZ]JOęGHPVWęůHQLD MDNLSRVWDFLNOHMX]LPQ\FLHSâ\ ³ SRPLęG]\UyůQ\PLURG]DMDPLSâyWQD ³ SRPLęG]\SâyWQDPLF]\VW\PLQLHNRQVROLGRZDQ\PLDSâyWQDPL]ZSUR ZDG]RQ\P VSRLZHP NRQVROLGXMĊF\P ²DWDNůH SRPLęG]\ SâyWQDPL ]UyůQ\PLNRQVROLGDQWDPL

: FHOX EDUG]LHM SUHF\]\MQHJR Z\FKZ\FHQLD W\FK UyůQLF ZQDVWęSQ\P HWDSLHRSUDFRZ\ZDQLDZ\QLNyZEDGDľVSRU]ĊG]RQRZ\NUHV\JG]LHZWU]HFK JUXSDFK RGSRZLDGDMĊF\FK ]UyůQLFRZDQLX WHFKQLNL PRGHOL EDGDZF]\FK ]H VWDZLRQRRGNV]WDâFHQLDSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKZVSyâU]ęGQ\FKGODUyůQ\FKSUyEHN RGG]LHOQLHGOD;<L=QDWOHZDUXQNyZNOLPDW\F]Q\FKLO=HVWDZLH QLDZ\NRQDQRGOD

, -HGQDNRZ\FK SâyFLHQ ]UyůQ\PL SU]HNOHMHQLDPL F]WHU\ SUyENL QD MHG Q\PZ\NUHVLH ³ SâyWQRUHJXODUQH]SU]HNOHMHQLHPLDSOLNRZDQ\PQD]LPQR LLDSOLNRZDQ\PQDFLHSâR ³ SâyWQRQLHUHJXODUQH]SU]HNOHMHQLHPLDSOLNRZDQ\PQD]LP QRLLDSOLNRZDQ\PQDFLHSâR ³ SâyWQDVWDUH]SU]HNOHMHQLHPLDSOLNRZDQ\PQD]LPQRLL DSOLNRZDQ\PQDFLHSâR ZV]\VWNLHWU]\JUXS\]Z\RGUęEQLHQLHPSUyEHNEH]VSRLZDNRQVROLGXMĊFH JR L] GZRPD UyůQ\PL VSRLZDPL NRQVROLGXMĊF\PL FR GDâR WU]\ SRGJUXS\ ZNDůGHMJUXSLH²âĊF]QLH

,, -HGQDNRZ\FK SU]HNOHMHľ QD UyůQ\FK SâyWQDFK WU]\ SUyENL QD MHGQ\P Z\NUHVLH

³ SâyWQD UHJXODUQH QLHUHJXODUQH LVWDUH ]SU]HNOHMHQLHP DSOLNR ZDQ\PQD]LPQR

³ SâyWQDUHJXODUQHQLHUHJXODUQHLVWDUH]SU]HNOHMHQLHPDSOLNR ZDQ\PQD]LPQR

³ SâyWQD UHJXODUQH QLHUHJXODUQH LVWDUH ]SU]HNOHMHQLHP DSOLNR ZDQ\PQDFLHSâR

(13)

³ SâyWQDUHJXODUQHQLHUHJXODUQHLVWDUH]SU]HNOHMHQLHPDSOLNR ZDQ\PQDFLHSâR ZV]\VWNLHF]WHU\JUXS\]Z\RGUęEQLHQLHPSUyEHNEH]VSRLZDNRQVROLGXMĊ FHJRL]GZRPDUyůQ\PLVSRLZDPLNRQVROLGXMĊF\PLFRGDâRWU]\SRGJUX S\ZNDůGHMJUXSLH²âĊF]QLH ,,, -HGQDNRZ\FKSâyFLHQ]WDNLPVDP\PSU]HNOHMHQLHPEH]VSRLZDNRQVR OLGXMĊFHJRL]GZRPDUyůQ\PLVSRLZDPLNRQVROLGXMĊF\PLWU]\SUyENL QDMHGQ\PZ\NUHVLH ³ MHGQDNRZH SU]HNOHMHQLD DSOLNRZDQH QD ]LPQR QD LGHQW\F]QH SâyWQD ZWU]HFK ZDULDQWDFK SU]HV\FHQLD ²EH] NRQVROLGDFML ] 3$:L]%(9$

³ MHGQDNRZH SU]HNOHMHQLD DSOLNRZDQH QD ]LPQR QD LGHQW\F]QH SâyWQD ZWU]HFK ZDULDQWDFK SU]HV\FHQLD ²EH] NRQVROLGDFML ] 3$:L]%(9$

³ MHGQDNRZH SU]HNOHMHQLD DSOLNRZDQH QD FLHSâR QD LGHQW\F]QH SâyWQD ZWU]HFK ZDULDQWDFK SU]HV\FHQLD ²EH] NRQVROLGDFML ] 3$:L]%(9$

ZV]\VWNLH F]WHU\ JUXS\ ]Z\RGUęEQLHQLHP SUyEHN QD SâyWQDFK UHJXODUQ\FK QLHUHJXODUQ\FKLVWDU\FKFRGDâRWU]\SRGJUXS\ZNDůGHMJUXSLH²âĊF]QLH

%LRUĊFSRGXZDJęIDNWF]WHURNURWQHJREDGDQLDNDůGHMSUyENL²DZLęF GXůĊ LORœý SU]HSURZDG]RQ\FK HNVSHU\PHQWyZ OLF]HEQRœý ZDULDQWyZ ]H VWDZLHľ NU]\Z\FK RGNV]WDâFHľ ZVSyâU]ęGQ\FK ; < = X]\VNDQR NLONDVHW Z\NUHVyZ NWyUH FR SUDZGD SRND]XMĊ RGPLHQQH UHDNFMH SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK SUyEHN LLFK MHGQRVWNRZH UHODFMH DOH ]UDFML LORœFL XWUXGQLDMĊ Z\FLĊJDQLH ZQLRVNyZ'RGDWNRZRV\WXDFMęNRPSOLNXMHIDNWůHWâRNOLPDW\F]QHEDGDľ XVWDZLDQH E\âR UęF]QLH LZ SHZQ\P VWRSQLX X]DOHůQLRQH RG ]PLHQQ\FK ZDUXQNyZSDQXMĊF\FKZODERUDWRULXP_{:HIHNFLHZSU]HELHJXQDZLOůDQLD} LRVXV]DQLD ZREUęELH SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK HNVSHU\PHQWyZ GDâ\ VLę ]DXZDů\ý SHZQH]UHJXâ\QLH]QDF]QHRGFK\OHQLDRG]DSURMHNWRZDQHJRZ]RUFRZHJR

_{%DGDQLD SRG]LHORQH E\â\ QD NLOND HWDSyZ ]ELHJDMĊF\FK VLę ZF]DVLH ]UyůQ\PL SRUD}

(14)

F\NOX 'ODWHJR SURVWH SRUyZQ\ZDQLH Z\NUHœORQ\FK NU]\Z\FK RGNV]WDâFHľ ZRGHUZDQLXRGWâDNOLPDW\F]QHJR²OXE]DVWRVRZDQLHZ]RUFRZHJRNWyU\ QLHE\âSUDZG]LZ\GODZV]\VWNLFKSU]\SDGNyZ²REDUF]RQHE\âRE\EâęGHP 'OD GDOV]HM DQDOL]\ Z\QLNyZ ELRUĊF SRG XZDJę ZLHONĊ LORœý ]JURPD G]RQ\FKGDQ\FK]GHF\GRZDQRGRNRQDýZ\ERUXSRSU]H]Z\]QDF]HQLHNLO NXSURVW\FKZVNDŭQLNyZQXPHU\F]Q\FKNWyUHXPRůOLZLâ\E\XV]HUHJRZDQLH Z\QLNyZEDGDľLDQDOL]ęSRGNĊWHP]DOHůQRœFLUHDNFMLSUyEHNRGUyůQ\FK F]\QQLNyZ_{'ODZV]\VWNLFKZVSyâU]ęGQ\FKZ\]QDF]RQRNLONDSDUDPHWUyZ} ³ PDNVLPDLPLQLPDGODRGNV]WDâFHľZVSyâU]ęGQ\FK;<=ZV]\VWNLFK SUyEHNZNDůG\PSRMHG\QF]\PF\NOX

³ REOLF]RQR DPSOLWXG\ ²UyůQLFH PLęG]\ ZDUWRœFLĊ PDNV\PDOQĊ DZDU WRœFLĊ PLQLPDOQĊ RGNV]WDâFHQLD ZVSyâU]ęGQ\FK ; < = ƅ_; ƅ_< ƅ₌ ZV]\VWNLFKSUyEHNZHZV]\VWNLFKF\NODFKZZ\EUDQ\FK]DNUHVDFKZLO JRWQRœFLZ]JOęGQHMWM²²²²XZ]JOęG QLDMĊFSU]\W\PID]\Z]URVWXLVSDGNXZLOJRWQRœFLZ]JOęGQHM

³ REOLF]RQR ZDUWRœý SU]HVXQLęFLD EDGDQHJR SXQNWX ZSU]HVWU]HQL GâX JRœýZHNWRUDWUDQVODFML:PLęG]\SRâRůHQLHPSRF]ĊWNRZ\PDNRľFR Z\PZZ\EUDQ\FK]DNUHVDFKZLOJRWQRœFLZ]JOęGQHMMDNZ\ůHMSRGDQH = < ; Z Z Z Z JG]LHZ_;²SU]HVXQLęFLHZNLHUXQNXZVSyâU]ęGQHM;SXQNWXZ_<²SU]H VXQLęFLHZNLHUXQNXZVSyâU]ęGQHM<SXQNWXZ₌²SU]HVXQLęFLHZNLH UXQNXZVSyâU]ęGQHM=SXQNWX

:DUWRœFL DPSOLWXG ƅ LWUDQVODFML REOLF]RQR GOD Z\EUDQ\FK ]DNUHVyZ ZLOJRWQRœFL Z]JOęGQHM SRZLHWU]D FKDUDNWHU\]XMĊF\FK VLę ² VNRNLHP ZDUWRœFL 3RVRUWRZDQLH GDQ\FK SRG Z]JOęGHP URVQĊF\FK OXE PDOHMĊF\FK ZDUWRœFL OLF]ERZ\FK SR]ZROLâR QD XV]HUHJRZDQLH SUyEHN LZ\FKZ\FHQLH UyůQLF ZUHDNFMDFK PRGHOL REUD]yZ QD ZDKDQLD NOLPDW\F]QH L RNUHœOHQLH ]DOHůQRœFL =DPLHV]F]RQH Z$QHNVLH SU]\NâDGRZH WDEHOH OLF]ERZR Z\UD ůDMĊFH RGNV]WDâFHQLD SUH]HQWXMĊ GDQH SRVRUWRZDQH SRG Z]JOęGHP PDOHMĊ FHMZDUWRœFLWUDQVODFMLGOD]DNUHVX²RUD]²5+

_{3URJUDPVâXůĊF\GRXV]HUHJRZDQLDZ\QLNyZQDSLVDâLRSUDFRZDâSURI3LRWU7DUJRZVNL}

(15)

5. Wnioski

:\QLNL EDGDľ GRZRG]Ċ ůH PHWRGD 2&7 PLPR ůH QLH MHVW WR MHM SRGVWD ZRZH]DVWRVRZDQLHMHVWSU]\GDWQDGRœOHG]HQLDUHDNFMLREUD]yZQD]PLDQ\ NOLPDWXLVSUDZG]DVLęWDNůHMDNRQDU]ęG]LHSURÀORPHWU\F]QH-HVWZVWDQLH Z\NU\ýUXFKREVHUZRZDQHJRSXQNWXQDSRZLHU]FKQLREUD]XLœOHG]LýMHJR SU]HPLHV]F]DQLH VLę ZQLHZLHONLP SROX QLH Z\ZRâXMĊF ]PLDQ ZEDGDQ\P RELHNFLH5R]PLDUSRODREVHUZDF\MQHJRLSXQNWRZ\FKDUDNWHUSRPLDUyZVĊ PDQNDPHQWHP PHWRG\ 7UXGQR QS Z\MDœQLý SU]\F]\Qę ÅIDOXMĊFHJRµ RG NV]WDâFDQLDZVSyâU]ęGQHM=G\VSRQXMĊFW\ONRZ\QLNDPLSRPLDUyZZMHGQ\P SXQNFLH0LPRWRPHWRGDSR]ZDODG]LęNL]HEUDQHMZZLHORJRG]LQQ\FKVH VMDFKEDGDZF]\FKED]LHSRUyZQDZF]HMRGF]\WDýUyůQLFHL]DOHůQRœFLXPRů OLZLDMĊF W\P VDP\P GRFLHNDQLH SU]\F]\Q LQVWUXPHQWDOQLH VWZLHUG]RQ\FK UHDNFML$QDOL]DX]\VNDQ\FKZ\QLNyZSRND]XMH]DOHůQRœýVSRVREXUHDJRZDQLD REUD]yZ QD ]PLHQQH ZDUXQNL NOLPDW\F]QH LZUDůOLZRœý QD QLH RG LFK EX GRZ\ WHFKQLF]QHM -Xů QLHZLHONLH ZDKQLęFLH SR]LRPX ZLOJRWQRœFL Z]JOęG QHM Z]DNUHVLH PLęG]\ D Z\ZRâXMH UHDNFMH PRGHOL EDGDZF]\FK ²ZSU]HZDůDMĊFHM ZLęNV]RœFL LQWHQV\ZQLHMV]Ċ WDP JG]LH SâyWQR SU]HNOH MRQH MHVW VLOQ\P NOHMHP ²SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP DSOLNRZDQ\P QD FLHSâR DOH WDNůH QD ]LPQR :ZLęNV]RœFL SU]\SDGNyZ VĊ WR UyZQRF]HœQLH SUyE NL QLH NRQVROLGRZDQH GRGDWNRZR LQQ\P VSRLZHP :WHM JUXSLH QDMOLF] QLHM Z\VWęSXMĊ SâyWQD VWDUH NWyUH VWDQRZLĊ SUyEHN 3âyWQD UHJXODUQH LQLHUHJXODUQH QLHFR PQLHM LQWHQV\ZQLH RGSRZLDGDMĊ QD ERGŭFH NOLPDW\F] QH DLFK LORœý MHVW PQLHMV]D RRNRâR 1DMPQLHM UHDNW\ZQH RND]Dâ\ VLę SUyENL SU]HV\FRQH VSRLZHP NRQVROLGXMĊF\P ²LWR ]DUyZQR UR]SXV]F]DO QLNRZ\P MDN LZRGQ\P :QLHFR V]HUV]\P ]DNUHVLH ZLOJRWQRœFL Z]JOęG QHM PLęG]\ D QDMZLęNV]Ċ UHDNW\ZQRœý Z\ND]XMĊ UyZQLHů SUyENL EH]NRQVROLGDQWyZQDMF]ęœFLHM]DUD]HP]PRFQ\PSU]HNOHMHQLHPYLGHWD EHOD6\WXDFMDXOHJD]PLDQLHGRSLHURZ]DNUHVLHZLOJRWQRœFLQDMZ\ůV]\FK ²PLęG]\ D 1DMVLOQLHMV]Ċ RGSRZLHGŭ QD Z]URVW ZLOJRWQRœFL GDMĊ JâyZQLH SâyWQD VWDUH DOH WDNůH QLHUHJXODUQH ZUD] ]UHJXODUQ\PL ²ZV]\VW NLHSU]HNOHMRQHSU]HZDůQLHNOHMHP]DNâDGDQ\PQDFLHSâRDOHUyZQLHů QD]LPQRNWyUHSU]\QLůV]\FKZDKDQLDFKZLOJRWQRœFLUHDJRZDâ\ZVSRVyE

(16)

XPLDUNRZDQ\3RGREQĊWHQGHQFMę]DXZDůRQRDQDOL]XMĊFUHDNFMHSUyEHN]D UHMHVWURZDQHSU]\VSDGNXZLOJRWQRœFLZ]JOęGQHMZ]DNUHVLHGRYL GHWDEHOD7DNůHZW\PSU]\SDGNXUyůQRURGQHSâyWQDSU]HV\FRQH ůHODW\QĊ UHDJRZDâ\ V]\ENR LLQWHQV\ZQLH QD ]PLDQę SR]LRPX ZLOJRWQRœFL Z]JOęGQHMZRWRF]HQLX

:\QLNLWHSRWZLHUG]DMĊZLęNV]ĊQLůVLęSRZV]HFKQLHVĊG]LUROęSU]HNOH MHQLDZVWUXNWXU]HREUD]XQDSâyWQLH&LHNDZDMHVW]DREVHUZRZDQDWHQGHQ FMD GR RSyŭQLDQLD UHDNFML ZPRGHODFK GRGDWNRZR SU]HV\FRQ\FK VSRLZDPL NRQVROLGXMĊF\PL 2LOH ZZ\QLNX Xů\FLD UR]SXV]F]DOQLNRZHJR SUHSDUDWX %(9$]PQLHMV]HQLHKLJURVNRSLMQRœFLFDâHJRXNâDGXMHVWGRœýRF]\ZL VWH RW\OH ZRGQ\ SROLDONRKRO ZLQ\ORZ\ MDNR VSRLZR KLJURVNRSLMQH MDN VLę Z\GDMHSRZLQLHQMHV]F]HGRGDWNRZRWęSUDFęZ]PDFQLDý,QWHUSUHWXMĊFWHQ IDNWPRůQDSU]\MĊýůHSU]HV\FHQLHW\PVSRLZHPNWyUHMHVWZSUDZG]LHKL JURVNRSLMQHDOHZPQLHMV]\PVWRSQLXQLůNOHMJOXW\QRZ\LSâyWQRSRZRGXMH ]DEORNRZDQLH SUDF\ SâyWQD ZSRF]ĊWNRZ\P RNUHVLH VNRNX ZLOJRWQRœFLR ZHJRDSU]H]WRRSyŭQLHQLHUHDNFMLFDâHJRXNâDGXLGRSLHURSU]\GâXůV]HM HNVSR]\FML QD ZLOJRý ]DUyZQR NRQVROLGDQW MDN L]D MHJR SRœUHGQLFWZHP SâyWQRLQWHQV\ÀNXMĊSUDFę

=HEUDQ\ RJURPQ\ PDWHULDâ EDGDZF]\ ]RVWDâ SU]HDQDOL]RZDQ\ W\O NR ZQLHZLHONLHM F]ęœFL DQDMZDůQLHMV]H XVWDOHQLD SU]HGVWDZLRQH ZVSRVyE EDUG]RVNUyWRZ\:QDMEOLůV]\PF]DVLHSURZDG]RQDEęG]LHEDUG]LHMV]F]H JyâRZD DQDOL]D Z\QLNyZ LGDOV]D LFK LQWHUSUHWDFMD WDNůH DQDOL]D Z\QLNyZ VNUDMQ\FKQDSLHUZV]\U]XWRNDZ\JOĊGDMĊF\FKQLHMHGQR]QDF]QLH3RJâęELRQH RSUDFRZDQLH GDQ\FK ]DUyZQR QD SRGVWDZLH LFK SUH]HQWDFML JUDÀF]QHM MDN LDQDOL]\ QXPHU\F]QHM ZSRZLĊ]DQLX ]DQDOL]Ċ VDPHJR PRGHOX EDGDZF]H JRGD]FDâĊSHZQRœFLĊRGSRZLHG]LQDZLHOHMHV]F]HV]F]HJyâRZ\FKNZHVWLL

Bibliografia

* $%HUJHU :+5XVVHOO%DGDQLD QDG ZSâ\ZHP œURGRZLVND QD ]DFKRZDQLH RE UD]yZQDSâyWQLH5HVWDXURV²

*$%HUJHU:+5XVVHOO'HWHULRUDWLRQRI VXUIDFHVH[SRVHGWRHQYLURQPHQWDOFKDQ JHV-RXUQDORIWKH$PPHULFDQ,QVWLWXWHIRU&RQVHUYDWLRQV²

>GRNXPHQWHOHNWURQLF]Q\@WU\EGRVWHSXKWWSFRROFRQVHUYDWLRQXVRUJMDLF DUWLFOHVMDLFBLQG[KWPO

(17)

*$%HUJHU:+5XVVHOO,QWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQFDQYDVDQGSDLQWÀOPLQUHVSRQVHWR HQYLULQPHQWDO&KDQJHV6WXGLHVLQ&RQVHUYDWLRQV²

% -5RXED3âyWQD MDNR SRGREUD]LD PDODUVNLH 2FKURQD =DE\WNyZ ² 

V²

%-5RXED%XGRZDWHFKQLF]QDREUD]yZ;,;ZLHF]Q\FKPDORZDQ\FKQDKDQGORZ\FKSRG REUD]LDFKSâyFLHQQ\FKLWHPDW\NDLFKNRQVHUZDFML:\GDZQLFWZR80.7RUXľ

%-5RXED'LH/HLQZDQGVWUXNWXUDQDO\VHXQGLKUH$QZHQGXQJIU*HPlOGHNRQVHUYLH UXQJ5HVWDXUDWRUHQEOlWWHUV²

% -5RXED3RGREUD]LD SâyFLHQQH ZSURFHVLH NRQVHUZDFML :\GDZQLFWZR 80.

7RUXľ

$.DUSRZLF]$6WXG\RQ'HYHORSPHQWRI &UDFNVRQ3DLQWLQJV-RXUQDORIWKH$PH

ULFDQ,QVWLWXWHIRU&RQVHUYDWLRQV²>GRNXPHQWHOHNWURQLF] Q\@WU\EGRVWęSXKWWSDLFVWDQIRUGHGXMDLFDUWLFOHVMDLFKWPO 0)0HFNOHQEXUJ7KH6WUXFWXUHRI &DQYDV6XSSRUWHG3DLQWLQJV3UHSULQWVRIWKH

,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 3DLQWLQJ &RQVHUYDWLRQ ²&DQYDVHV %HKDYLRXU 'HWHULRUDWLRQDQG7UHDWPHQWV²

0)0HFNOHQEXUJ0LFUR&OLPDWHVDQG0RLVWXUH,QGXFHG'DPDJHWR3DLQWLQJV&RQ

IHUHQFHRQ0LFUR&OLPDWHVLQ0XVHXPVV²

) GX 3RQG &RUQHOLXV0RYHPHQW RI :RRG DQG &DQYDV IRU 3DLQWLQJV LQ 5HVSRQVH WR+LJKDQG/RZ5+&\FOHV6WXGLHVLQ&RQVHUYDWLRQV²

9 6FKDLEOH1HXH hEHUOHJXQJHQ ]XU )HXFKWLJNHL $0 /HLQZDQGELOG =HLWVFKULIW IU

.XQVWWHFKQRORJLHXQG.RQVHUYLHUXQJ+V²

6 +DFNQH\ *+HGOH\0HDVXUHPHQW RI WKH $JHLQJ RI /LQHQ &DQYDV 6WXGLHV LQ

&RQVHUYDWLRQ V² *+HGOH\5HODWLYH +XPLGLW\ DQG 6WUHVV6WUD LQ5HVSRQVHRI &DQYDV3DLQWLQJV8QLD[LDO0HDVXUHPHQWVRI 1DWXUDOO\$JHG6DPSOHV

6WXGLHVLQ&RQVHUYDWLRQV²

''DO\60LFKDOVNL0HWKRGRORJ\DQGVWDWXVRI WKH/LQLQJ3URMHFW&&,3UHSULQWV

,&20WK_{7ULHQQDO0HHWLQJ6\GQH\}

-&ROYLOOH:.LOSDWULFN0)0HFNOHQEXUJ)LQLWH(OHPHQW$QDO\VLVRI 0XOWL/D\HUHG 2UWKRWURSLF0HPEUDQHVZLWK$SSOLFDWLRQWR2LO3DLQWLQJVRQ)DEULF6FLHQFHDQG7HFK

QRORJ\LQWKH6HUYLFHRI&RQVHUYDWLRQ,,&/RQGRQV²

0)0HFNOHQEXUJ00F&RUPLFN*RRGKDUW&67XPRVD,QYHVWLJDWLRQLQWR WKH 'HWHULRUDWLRQ RI 3DLQWLQJV DQG 3KRWRJUDSKV XVLQJ &RPSXWHUL]HG 0RGHOLQJ RI 6WUHVV 'HYHORSPHQW >GRNXPHQW HOHNWURQLF]Q\@ WU\E GRVWęSX KWWSDLFVWDQIRUGHGX

MDLFDUWLFOHVMDLFKWPO

:+5XVVHOO*$%HUJHU7KHEHKDYLRURI FDQYDVDVDVWUXFWXUDOVXSSRUWIRUSDLQ WLQJ6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\LQWKH6HUYLFHRI&RQVHUYDWLRQ,,&:DVKLQJWRQ

(18)

*$%HUJHU:+5XVVHOO7KH1HZVWUHVVWHVWVRQ&DQYDV3DLQWLQJVDQGVRPHRI WKHLULPSOLFDWLRQVRQWKHSUHVHUYDWLRQRI SDLQWLQJV3UHSULQWV,&20&RPPLWWHHIRU

&RQVHUYDWLRQWK7ULHQQLDO0HHWLQJ&RSHQKDJHQ%GV²

*$%HUJHU:+5XVVHOO,QYHVWLJDWLRQVLQWRWKH5HDFWLRQVRI 3ODVWLF0DWHULDOVWR (QYLURQPHQWDO&KDQJHV3DUW,7KH0HFKDQLFVRI WKH'HFD\RI 3DLQW)LOPV6WXGLHV

LQ&RQVHUYDWLRQV²

*$%HUJHU:+5XVVHOO$Q(YDOXDWLRQRI WKH3UHSDUDWXLQRI &DQYDV3DLQWLQJV 8VLQJ6WUHVV0HDVXUHPHQWV6WXGLHVLQ&RQVHUYDWLRQYROV²

* $%HUJHU :+5XVVHOO&KDQJHV LQ 5HVLVWDQFH RI &DQYDV WR 'HIRUPDWLRQ DQG &UDFNLQJ 0RGXOV RI (ODVWLFLW\ ´(µ DV &DXVHG E\ 6L]LQJ DQG /XQLQJ 3UHSULQWV

,&20 &RPPLWWHH IRU &RQVHUYDWLRQ WK 7ULHQQLDO 0HHWLQJ &RSHQKDJHQ V²

*$%HUJHU7KH%HUJHU5XVVHOOELD[LDOVWUHVVWHVWHUIRUVWUHWFKHUFDQYDV>Z@%HUJHU

*XVWDZ $ 5XVVHOO :LOOLDP + &RQVHUYDWLRQ RI 3DLQWLQJV 5HVHUFK DQG ,Q QRYDWLRQV$UFKHW\SH/RQGRQ8.V²

&<RXQJ4XDQWLWDWLYHPHDVXUHPHQWRI LQSODQHVWUDLQRI FDQYDVSDLQWLQJVXVLQJ(63,

>Z@ $SSOLHG 2SWLFV 'LYLVLRQ V² ,QVWLWXWH RI 3K\VLFV ,23 %ULJKWRQ 8.

& <RXQJ 5'+LEEHUG$&RPSDULVRQ RI WKH 3K\VLFDO 3URSHUWLHV RI 1LQHWHHQWK &HQWXU\&DQYDV/LQLQJVZLWK$FLG$JHG&DQYDV3UHSULQWV,&20&RPPLWHHIRU

&RQVHUYDWLRQYROV²

&<RXQJ5'+LEEHUG%LD[LDO7HQVLOH7HVWLQJRI 3DLQWLQJVRQ&DQYDV6WXGLHV

LQ&RQVHUYDWLRQV²

&<RXQJ0HDVXUHPHQWRI WKH%LD[LDO3URSHUWLHVRI 1LQHWHHQWK&HQWXU\&DQYDV3UL PLQJV 8VLQJ (OHFWURQLF 6SHFNOH 3DWWHUQ ,QWHUIHURPHWU\ 2SWLFV DQG /DVHUV LQ (QJL

QHHULQJ6SHFLDO(GLWLRQV²

&<RXQJDQG5+LEEHUG7KHUROHRI FDQYDVDWWDFKPHQWVLQWKHVWUDLQGLVWULEXWLRQ DQG GHJUDGDWLRQ RI HDVHO SDLQWLQJV 7UDGLWLRQ DQG ,QQRYDWLRQ $GYDQFHV LQ &RQ

VHUYDWLRQ&RQWULEXWLRQVWRWKH,,&0HOERXUQH&RQJUHVV/RQGRQ8.2FWR EHUV²

& <RXQJ 5+LEEHUG 3$FNUR\G$Q LQYHVWLJDWLRQ LQWR WKH DGKHVLYH ERQG DQG WUDQVIHURI WHQVLRQLQOLQHGFDQYDVSDLQWLQJV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK7ULHQQLDO0H

HWLQJRIWKH,&20&RPPLWWHHIRU&RQVHUYDWLRQ,&20&&·5LRGH-D QHLUR%UD]LO6HSWHPEHUV²

& <RXQJ7KH PHFKDQLFDO UHTXLUHPHQWV RI WHDU PHQGV $OWHUQDWLYHV WR OLQLQJ

%$3&5 8&,.&RQIHUHQFHV²

-'LPRQW&<RXQJ5HGXFLQJ&XSSLQJ:LWKRXW/LQLQJ $OWHUQDWLYHVWR/LQLQJ

(19)

&57<RXQJ0'HEDVKLV8VLQJ(63,WR&KDUDFWHULVHWKH0HFKDQLFDO%HKDYLRXURI 3DLQWLQJVRQ&DQYDVDFFHSWHGIRUWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO8VHU(36,*URXS0HHWLQJ

*HUPDQ\2FW

&57 <RXQJ'HYHORSLQJ 0HFKDQLFDO 7HVWV WR (YDOXDWH &RQVROLGDWLRQ 7UHDWPHQWV RQ &DQYDV3DLQWLQJVUG,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQJUHVV&RORUHH&RQVHUYD]LRQH3URFHHGLQJV

,O3UDWR,WDO\V²

0 'HEDVKLV &5 7<RXQJ' (63, PHDVXUHPHQW RI WKH VWUDLQ ÀHOGV LQWURGX FHGE\VWULSOLQLQJSDLQWLQJV3URFHHGLQJVRI,&20&&7ULHQQLDO&RQIHUHQFH

06XWWRQ--2UWHX+6FKUHLHU,PDJHFRUUHODWLRQIRUVKDSHPRWLRQDQGGHIRUPD WLRQPHDVXUHPHQWV6SULQJHU

'.KHQQRXI-0'XOLHX%DUWRQ$5&KDPEHUV)-/HQQDUGDQG'' (DVWRS$VVHVVLQJ WKH )HDVLELOLW\ RI 0RQLWRULQJ 6WUDLQ LQ +LVWRULFDO 7DSHVWULHV 8VLQJ 'LJLWDO,PDJH&RUUHODWLRQ6WUDLQ²

- 0 'XOLHX%DUWRQ ' .KHQQRXI $ 5 &KDPEHUV ) /HQQDUG DQG '(DVWRS/RQJ WHUP FRQGLWLRQ PRQLWRULQJ RI WDSHVWULHV XVLQJ LPDJH FRUUHODWLRQ 3UR

FHHGLQJVRIWKH6(0$QQXDO&RQIHUHQFH

00DOHVD.0DORZDQ\/7\PLľVND:LGPHU($.ZLDWNRZVND0.X MDZLľVND %- 5RXED 3LRWU 7DUJRZVNL$SSOLFDWLRQ RI 'LJLWDO ,PDJH &RUUHODWLRQ ',&IRUWUDFNLQJGHIRUPDWLRQVRI FDQYDVSDLQWLQJV2$2SWLFVIRU$UWV$UFKL

WHFWXUHDQG$UFKDHRORJ\,,,HGLWHGE\/XFD3H]]DWL5HQ]R6DOLPEHQL3URF RI 63,( 9RO / 63,( &&& FRGH ; GRL

- 0'XOLHX%DUWRQ /'RNRV '(DVWRS )/HQQDUG $5 &KDPEHUV 06DKLQ'HIRUPDWLRQ DQG VWUDLQ PHDVXUPHQW WHFKQLTXHV IRU LQVSHFWLRQ RI GDPDJH LQ ZRUNVRI DUW5HYLHZVLQ&RQVHUZDWLRQV²

'$PEURVLQL'3DROHWWL+RORJUDSKLFDQGVSHFNOHPHWKRGVIRUWKHDQDO\VLVRI SDQHO SDLQWLQJV 'HYHORSPHQWV VLQFH WKH HDUO\ V 5HYLHZV LQ &RQVHUYDWLRQ 

V²

97RUQDUL$%RQDURX9=DÀURSXORV&)RWDNLV16P\UQDFLV6WVVLQRSX ORV6WUXFWXUDO (YDOXDWLRQ RI 5HVWRUDWLRQ 3URFHVVHV ZLWK +RORJUDSKLF 'LDJQRVWLF ,QVSHF WLRQ-RXUQDORI&XOWXUDO+HULWDJHV²

97RUQDUL2SWLFDODQG'LJLWDO+RORJUDSKLF,QWHUIHURPHWU\$SSOLHGLQ$UW&RQVHUYDWLRQ 6WUXFWXUDO'LDJQRVLVH35(6(59$7,216FLHQFHV²

á %UDWDV] .']LHUůęJD $.OLVLľVND.RSDF] 5.R]âRZVNL 0áXNRP VNL (3HDFRFN $3URNRSRZLF] -7KRPDV :=DZDG]NL 2FKURQD ]DE\WNR Z\FK WNDQLQ3URMHNW EDGDZF]\ 0HFKDQL]PX )LQDQVRZHJR (XURSHMVNLHJR 2EV]DUX *RVSRGDUF]HJR%H]SRœUHGQLHPRQLWRURZDQLHRGNV]WDâFHľWNDQLQZFHOXRFKURQ\]DE\W

(20)

NRZ\FKRELHNWyZWHNVW\OQ\FKLSRGREUD]LGRNXPHQWHOHNWURQLF]Q\WU\EGRVWęSX KWWSZZZPX]HXPNUDNRZSOXSORDGVPHGLD2FKURQDB]DE\WNRZ\FKB WNDQLQBSGI $*X]RZVND3U]\JRWRZDQLHSâyFLHQGXEODůRZ\FKSRGNLHUXQNLHPSURIGU%RJX PLâ\5RXEDZ=.0L5380.7RUXľQUDUFK 0*XUED:\NRU]\VWDQLHPHWRG\WHQVRPHWULLHOHNWURRSRURZHMLRSW\F]Q\FKPHWRGUHMHVWUD FMLSU]HVXQLęýGREDGDQLDQDSUęůHľSRZVWDMĊF\FKZSâyFLHQQ\FKSRGâRůDFKREUD]yZV]WDOX JRZ\FK SRG NLHUXQNLHP SURI GU %RJXPLâ\ 5RXED Z=.0L53 80. 7RUXľ

QUDUFK

37DUJRZVNL0*yUD7%DMUDV]HZVNL06]NXOPRZVNL%5RXED7áęNDZD :\VâRXFK / 7\PLľVND:LGPHU2SWLFDO &RKHUHQFH 7RPRJUDSK\ IRU 7UDFNLQJ &DQYDV 'HIRUPDWLRQ/DVHU&KHPLVWU\YROGRLSDJHV

7 %DMUDV]HZVNL ,*RUF]\ľVND %5RXED DQG 37DUJRZVNL6SHFWUDO GRPD LQ 2SWLFDO &RKHUHQFH 7RPRJUDSK\ DV WKH 3URÀORPHWULF 7RRO IRU ([DPLQDWLRQ RI WKH (QYLURQPHQWDO,QÁXHQFHRQ3DLQWLQJVRQ&DQYDVLQ/DVHUVLQWKH&RQVHUYDWLRQRI

$UWZRUNV /$&21$ 9, 3URFHHGLQJV 9LHQQD $XVWULD 6HSW ² -1LPPULFKWHU :.DXWHN DQG 06FKUHLQHU HGV 6SULQJHU 9HUODJ %HUOLQ² +HLGHOEHUJ²1HZ<RUNV²

/ 7\PLQVND:LGPHU 37DUJRZVNL 0*yUD 0,ZDQLFND 7áęNDZD:\ VâRXFK % 5RXED2SWLFDO &RKHUHQFH 7RPRJUDSK\ ²D 1RYHO 7RRO IRU WKH ([DPLQD WLRQRI 2LO3DLQWLQJVLQ&RQVHUYDWLRQ6FLHQFH0LODQ²0D\-R\FH

7RZQVHQGHWDOHGV$UFKW\SHSXEOLVKLQJ/RQGRQV² 3 7DUJRZVNL %- 5RXED 3.DUDV]NLHZLF] 0,ZDQLFND /7\PLľVND:LG

PHU 7 áęNDZD:\VâRXFK ($.ZLDWNRZVND 06\OZHVWU]DN 2SW\F]QD .RKHUHQWQD 7RPRJUDÀD 2&7 ²QRZH QDU]ęG]LH GR G]LDâDľ NRQVHUZDWRUVNLFK L LQZHQ WDU\]DF\MQ\FK2SWLFDO&RKHUHQFH7RPRJUDSK\2&7²DQRYHOWRROIRUDUWFRQVHUYDWLRQ DQGFDWDORJXLQJ:LDGRPRœFLNRQVHUZDWRUVNLHV²

37DUJRZVNL0,ZDQLFND/7\PLľVND:LGPHU06\OZHVWU]DN($.ZLDW NRZVND6WUXFWXUDO ([DPLQDWLRQ RI (DVHO SDLQWLQJV ZLWK 2SULFDO &RKHUHQFH 7RPRJUD SK\$FFRXQWVRI&KHPLFDO5HVHDUFK²

'UH[OHU : )XMLPRWR -* HGV 2SWLFDO &RKHUHQFH 7RPRJUDSK\ 7HFKQRORJ\ DQG$SSOLFDWLRQV%HUOLQ+HLGHOEHUJ6SULQJHU9HUODJ

'6WLIWHU%H\RQGELRPHGLFLQHDUHYLHZRI DOWHUQDWLYHDSSOLFDWLRQVDQGGHYHORSPHQWVIRU RSWLFDO FRKHUHQFH WRPRJUDSK\ $SSOLHG 3K\VLFV % /DVHUV DQG 2SWLFV 

V²

37DUJRZVNL0,ZDQLFND2SWLFDO&RKHUHQFHWRPRJUDSK\IRUVWUXFWXUDOH[DPLQDWLRQ RI FXWXUDO KHULWDJH REMHFWV DQG PRQLWRULQJ RI UHVWRUDWLRQ SURFHVVHV ²DUHYLHZ $SSOLHG

(21)

Aneks: przykładowe tabele translacji

7DEHOD 7UDQVODFMD ZSUyENDFK SRGF]DV SLHUZV]HM ID]\ ]ZLęNV]DQLD ZLOJRWQRœFL Z\]QD F]RQDGOD]PLDQ5+RGGR

1USUöENL 5RG]DMSïöWQD 6WÚĝHQLHSU]HNOHMHQLD 6SRVöESU]HNOHMHQLD .RQVROLGDQW 7UDQVODFMDZ

VWDUH QD]LPQR EUDN VWDUH QDFLHSïR %(9$ VWDUH QDFLHSïR %(9$ VWDUH QDFLHSïR EUDN UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR EUDN VWDUH QD]LPQR EUDN UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR EUDN UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR EUDN UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR EUDN VWDUH QDFLHSïR EUDN VWDUH QDFLHSïR EUDN QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR EUDN VWDUH QD]LPQR EUDN QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR EUDN QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR EUDN QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR EUDN QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR EUDN QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR %(9$ UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR 3$: QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR %(9$ QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR EUDN UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR %(9$ VWDUH QD]LPQR EUDN QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR EUDN UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR EUDN QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR %(9$ QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR 3$: UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR %(9$ VWDUH QDFLHSïR 3$: VWDUH QD]LPQR %(9$

(22)

1USUöENL 5RG]DMSïöWQD 6WÚĝHQLHSU]HNOHMHQLD 6SRVöESU]HNOHMHQLD .RQVROLGDQW 7UDQVODFMDZ UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR EUDN VWDUH QDFLHSïR EUDN QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR 3$: UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR EUDN VWDUH QD]LPQR 3$: VWDUH QD]LPQR 3$: QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR 3$: QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR 3$: VWDUH QD]LPQR %(9$ UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR %(9$ UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR 3$: VWDUH QD]LPQR EUDN UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR 3$: UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR EUDN QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR 3$: VWDUH QD]LPQR %(9$ VWDUH QD]LPQR %(9$ QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR %(9$ QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR 3$: QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR 3$: VWDUH QDFLHSïR 3$: QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR %(9$ VWDUH QDFLHSïR %(9$ UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR 3$: QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR %(9$ UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR 3$: QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR %(9$ VWDUH QD]LPQR 3$: UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR %(9$ VWDUH QD]LPQR EUDN QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR EUDN VWDUH QDFLHSïR 3$: UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR 3$: VWDUH QD]LPQR 3$:

(23)

1USUöENL 5RG]DMSïöWQD 6WÚĝHQLHSU]HNOHMHQLD 6SRVöESU]HNOHMHQLD .RQVROLGDQW 7UDQVODFMDZ QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR 3$: VWDUH QDFLHSïR %(9$ QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR %(9$ UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR 3$: UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR 3$: UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR %(9$ VWDUH QDFLHSïR 3$: UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR %(9$ UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR %(9$ UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR %(9$ 7DEHOD7UDQVODFMDZSUyENDFKSRGF]DVSLHUZV]HMID]\]PQLHMV]DQLDZLOJRWQRœFLSU]HVX V]DQLDZ\]QDF]RQDGOD]PLDQ5+RGGR

1USUöENL 5RG]DMSïöWQD 6WÚĝHQLHSU]HNOHMHQLD 6SRVöESU]HNOHMHQLD .RQVROLGDQW 7UDQVODFMDZ

VWDUH QDFLHSïR 3$: UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR EUDN VWDUH QDFLHSïR 3$: UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR EUDN UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR EUDN QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR 3$: QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR EUDN UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR 3$: UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR %(9$ QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR 3$: UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR %(9$ QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR EUDN UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR 3$: UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR EUDN QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR 3$: VWDUH QDFLHSïR %(9$ UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR 3$: UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR %(9$ UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR %(9$ VWDUH QD]LPQR 3$:

(24)

1USUöENL 5RG]DMSïöWQD 6WÚĝHQLHSU]HNOHMHQLD 6SRVöESU]HNOHMHQLD .RQVROLGDQW 7UDQVODFMDZ QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR 3$: VWDUH QD]LPQR EUDN QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR %(9$ VWDUH QD]LPQR 3$: VWDUH QDFLHSïR EUDN VWDUH QD]LPQR %(9$ UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR %(9$ UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR 3$: QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR %(9$ VWDUH QDFLHSïR EUDN QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR EUDN VWDUH QDFLHSïR EUDN UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR EUDN UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR %(9$ UHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR EUDN QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR %(9$ QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR EUDN VWDUH QD]LPQR EUDN VWDUH QDFLHSïR EUDN QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR %(9$ VWDUH QD]LPQR EUDN VWDUH QD]LPQR 3$: UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR %(9$ QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR %(9$ VWDUH QD]LPQR EUDN UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR EUDN VWDUH QD]LPQR %(9$ UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR EUDN UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR 3$: QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR EUDN UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR 3$: VWDUH QD]LPQR 3$: VWDUH QDFLHSïR 3$: QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR %(9$ VWDUH QD]LPQR %(9$ QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR EUDN

(25)

1USUöENL 5RG]DMSïöWQD 6WÚĝHQLHSU]HNOHMHQLD 6SRVöESU]HNOHMHQLD .RQVROLGDQW 7UDQVODFMDZ QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR 3$: VWDUH QDFLHSïR %(9$ UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR 3$: QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR EUDN VWDUH QDFLHSïR %(9$ UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR %(9$ QLHUHJXODUQH QD]LPQR 3$: QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR EUDN QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR %(9$ VWDUH QDFLHSïR 3$: VWDUH QD]LPQR %(9$ VWDUH QDFLHSïR %(9$ QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR %(9$ UHJXODUQH QD]LPQR 3$: QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR 3$: QLHUHJXODUQH QDFLHSïR 3$: Summary

An evaluation of the influence of the environmental changes on canvas supports of paintings

7KHSDSHUSUHVHQWVSUHOLPLQDU\UHVXOWVRIWHVWLQJRISDLQWLQJVRQFDQYDVUHVSRQVH WR HQYLURQPHQWDO ÁXFWXDWLRQV 7KH UHDVHDUFK ZDV PDGH RQ WKH PRGHO SDLQWLQJV YDU\LQJLQWKHW\SHRIFDQYDVVXSSRUWXVHGJHODWLQHVL]HDQGDGGLWLRQDOFRQVROLGDW HGVL]H2SWLFDO&RKHUHQFH7RPRJUDSK\2&7ZDVXVHGLQSDUWLFXODUDSSOLFDWLRQ ²ZKHUH HYHQ VHPLWUDQVSDUHQF\ RI OD\HUV RI LQYDVWLJDWLRQ REMHFW LV QRW UHTXLUHG ²DV DSURÀ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ÀQGLQJVRIWHVWVLQGLFDWHWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHWHFKQRORJLFDODVSHFWV RISDLQWLQJVRQFDQYDVDQGWKHLUUHDFWLRQWRSHULRGLFDOFOLPDWLFFKDQJHV

(26)

,O6FKHPDWVWDQRZLVNDGRPRQLWRURZDQLDZSâ\ZX]PLDQNOLPD W\F]Q\FK QD PDORZLGâD QD SâyWQLH GZD WHQVRPHWU\ PLHU]ĊFH QDSUęůHQLD ZNLHUXQNX ZĊWNX LRVQRZ\ SUyEHN SRNUęWâD GR FLVNRZH ]DRSDWU]RQH ZVSUęů\Q\ UXFKRP\ SU]HJXE SRPLęG]\ WHQVRPHWUHP DOXŭQĊ V]F]ęNĊ NURVLHQ UXFKRPH V]F]ęNL NUR VLHQQLHUXFKRPHV]F]ęNLNURVLHQPRGHOEDGDZF]\LPLWXMĊ F\REUD]]DPRFRZDQ\ZV]F]ęNDFKNURVLHQSXQNWSRPLDURZ\ QDSRZLHU]FKQLZDUVWZ\PDODUVNLHM²VUHEU]\VWDNURSNDQDF]DUQ\P SRGNâDG]LHSâ\WDJâyZQDVWDQRZLVND

(27)

,O 8NâDG SRPLDURZ\ 2&7 JâRZLFD QD Z\VLęJQLNX QDG NRPRUĊ NOLPDW\F]QĊ XPLHMVFR

ZLRQĊQDVWROHRSW\F]Q\P.RPRUDPLHœFLZHZQĊWU]VWDQRZLVNRGRPRQLWRURZDQLD]PLDQ ZPDORZLGâDFK QD SâyWQLH SRG ZSâ\ZHP ]PLDQ NOLPDW\F]Q\FK ZRWRF]HQLX (ODVW\F]QH UXU\]WZRU]\ZDWUDQVSRUWXMĊSDUęZRGQĊ]PQLHMV]HMNRPRU\²PDJD]\QXZLOJRFL3ROH ZHMVWDQRZLVNRNRPSXWHURZHJG]LHZWUDNFLHWUZDQLDHNVSHU\PHQWX]DSLV\ZDQHVĊGDQH

(28)

,O 3U]\NâDGRZH ]H VWDZLHQLH Z\NUHVyZ GOD SLHUZV]HJR F\ NOX QDZLOůDQLD PRGH OLQDUyůQ\FKSâyWQDFK SU]HNOHMRQ\FKůH ODW\QĊ WHFKQLF]QĊ DSOL NRZDQĊQDFLHSâRLQLH NRQVROLGRZDQ\FK GR GDWNRZR LQQ\P VSRL ZHP 2G JyU\ QD SâyWQLH UHJXODUQ\P SRœURGNX QD QLHUHJX ODUQ\PQDGROHQDVWD U\PSâyWQLH

(29)

,O 3U]\NâDGRZH ]H VWDZLHQLH Z\NUHVyZ GOD SLHUZV]HJR F\NOX SU]HVXV]DQLD SUyEHN QD UyůQ\FK SâyWQDFK SU]HNOHMRQ\FK ůHODW\QĊ WHFKQLF]QĊ DSOLNRZDQĊ QD FLHSâR DQDORJLF]QLH GR SUy EHN ]LO 2G JyU\ QDSâyWQLHUHJXODUQ\P SRœURGNX QD QLHUH JXODUQ\P QD GROH QD SâyWQLHVWDU\P

(30)

,O3U]\NâDGRZH]HVWDZLHQLHZ\NUHVyZGODSLHUZV]HJRF\NOXSU]HVXV]DQLDSUyEHNQDUyů Q\FKSâyWQDFKSU]HNOHMRQ\FKůHODW\QĊWHFKQLF]QĊQDFLHSâRDQDORJLF]QLHGRSUyEHN ]LO 2G JyU\ SRUyZQDQLH ]PLDQ ZLOJRWQRœFL Z]JOęGQHM LRGNV]WDâFHQLD ZNLHUXQNX = QDSâyWQLHUHJXODUQ\PSUyENDQLHUHJXODUQ\PSUyENDSâyWQLHVWDU\PSUyEND