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h o ö o jie e L u n p o K o e n p u M e H e u H e K O A b u e B H M apujpyTO B, oöecneHHBaiomHX ^ noBbiu K'03(|)HUHeHTa HcnoAb30B3huh n p o ö e ra aBTOMO- ÖHAefi, 3 ahBTbix nepeB03K0H K iip n n q a .
Ha h ycneaiH oro ocymecTBAeHna
3 0BaHHbix nepeBosoK Kupnnaa uejiecoo6pa3HO
B aBTOX03HHCTBaX 0praH H 30B 3T b cneuHaAHSH- pOBaHHbie aBTOKOAOHHbl (HAH aBTOOTpHAbl).
Becb nepcoHaA , yqacTByrouiHH b BbinoAHeHHH u e H rp aaH30B3hHbix nepeB030K KH pnnqa, a o a- ÍKeH ßblTb npOHHCTpyKTHpOBaH o nopHAKe op- raH H3 3 U.HH nepeB030K, OC})OpMAeHHH AOKyiweH- TOB h np. O c o6oe b h h m3hHe CAeAyeT yAeAHTb uiocpepaM, HMea 3 BHAy, h t o npH ueHTpaAH 30- B a hh bi X n epeB 03K ax na h h x B 0 3A a ra eT ca n p n - eMKa KH pnnqa h ro B a p n u x AOKyMeHTO® (H a - KA3 AHblx) OT npeACTaBH reAB KHpnHHHoro 3a- BOAa h CAaqa KHpnwqa npeACTaBHreAio cTpon- TeAbHOH O praHH 33IlHH .
B a >K H bl M 3A&MeHTOM nOATOTOBHTeAbHOH p a - ÖOTbl HBAHeTCH BbIHB AeHHe nponVCKHOH CIIO- coÔHOCTH h cocTOHHHH n o rp y 3 0 -p a 3 rp y 3 0 M H b ix HAomaAOK u noAT>e3AHbix nyTefi k h u m. B 0 6- CAeAOBah h h AOA>KHbi npHHHTb yqacTHe npeA-
CT3 B H T e A H K 3 K a B T0 XO3 Í1HCTB H 3 bT O T p e C T O B , T a x , H K H p n H H H b lX 3 3 BOAOB H A H C T p O H T e A b H b IX o p r a H H 3 a iiH H . B p e 3 y A b T a i e o ñ c A e A O B a H H H n a- MeqaiOTCH nepBooqepeAHbie M e p o n p H H T H H c m h- H M M a A b H b lM H C p O K 3 M H B b m O A H e H H H , O Ô e C n e j qHBaim iiHe HopM aA biiyro p aô o T y a B T O M O Ô H A e fl h aBTonoesAOB.
H o n aq aA a u eH T p aA H 30B ah h m x nepeB030K K u p n im a HeoöxoAHMO corA acoB aT b c Kupnuq- HblMH 33 BOAS M H H CTpOHTeAbHbl M H O praHH 3a- u h h m h Bee Bonpocbi, CBH3aHHbie c nopaAKOM Opra H H33I1HH h ocyuiecTBAeHHH uem paA H S O - BaHHbix nepeBosoK KHpnHqa, h b nepByio oqepeAb Bonpocbi, K aeaiciA H eca M e x a n H 3 auhh n o rp y 3 0 -p a 3 rp y 3 o q H b ix paôoT h u ia p o K o ro hc- n0Ab3OB3 HHH KOHTefi HepOB.
U e H T p a AH30B3 H HbI6 nepeB03KH KHpnnqa AOAJKHbl OCyLlieCTBAHTbCH no AHCTTeTHepCKOMV rpacpHKy, oöecn eq H B aiom eM y t o h h o b riAaHH- poBauHe h yq ex pañoTbi na>KAoro 3b t o m o6h a h h a h aBTonoesAa. Ha h orrepaTHBHoro pyKOBOA- cTBa nepeB03KaMH Ha k3>k a io m k h p iih h h o m 3a- BOAe HeoöxoAHMO o praH H 30B aTb AHcneTHep- CKHH nyHKT. 3t h nVHKTbl AOAAiHbl HMeTb npHMyiO CBH3b C aBT0X03HHCTB0'M H CO BCeMH OCHOBHbIMH CTpOHTeAbHbIMH riAOmaAKaMH.
B AeAe ycneujHOH noAroTOBKH h o cym e- CTBAeHHH UeHTpaAH30B3 HHbIX nepeB030K KHp- nnqa BaiKHaa poAb npHHaAAe>KHT rAaBHHM ynpaBAeHHHM h oTAeAaM M H H H crepcTB a ab t o- M oßHAbHoro TpaH cnopTa PC <t>C P h L I H H H A T y .
O ópa3UO BaH opraH H oauH H ueHTpa a h3J3B3h- h o h nepeB03KH K u pnnqa h b h t c h o o h o b o h k o~ penHOPo yAyquieHHH nepe303KH MaccoBbix rp y - 30B a BTOMOÓH AbHbl M T p3 HCnOpTOM. 3tO nO- 3B0AHT pe3KO CHH3HTb CeÖeCTOHMOCTb nepeB03- KH rp y30B h TeM caMbiM noAyqHTb 3HaqHTeAb- Hbie H aK onnenH H a a h A a A b H e fiiu e ro y n p e riA e - HHH M orym ecTB a H a u ieił Po a h h m.
3
§ * 1 £ C I I A V A T A I | M U
A B T Q M O B H A b H O r
> k
TrPAHCnOPTA
B K cn /iya iau H O H H bie KaqecTBa aBTOMo6H/ieñ 3 H M
K an d. m exH,'H.ayic H . B E J 1 M K A H O B
KoJIJieKTHB KOHCTpyKTOpOB TopiíKOBCKOrO BBTOMO- ÓHJibiroro 3aBOAa HMeHH MojiOTOBa nocTOHHHO h no- cjieflOBaTejibHo yjiynniaeT KOHCTpyKixHH BbinycKaeMbix 33B0fl0M jiereoBbix h rpy30Bbix aBTOMoSHJieñ.
COBeTCKHe aBTOMOÓHJieCTpOHTeJIH C03fl3JIH JterKOBOH aBTOMOÓHjib 3 H M , opHrHHajibHaa KOHCTpyKiiHH koto- poro BbiroflHO OTjmqaeTCH ot KOHCTpyKUHñ aBTOMOÓH- jieñ, BbinycKaeMbix npoMbirajieHHOCTbK) KanHTajiHCTHie- CKHX CTpaH.
OcHOBHaíi ocoóeHHoexb aBTOMOÓHjia 3 H M 3aKJiro- qaeTca b tom, oto üBnraTejib ero HMeeT cpaBHHTejibHO He6ojibmyio MomiiocTb. Ha coBpeMeHHbix HHOCTpaHHbix jierKQBbix aiBTOMO'6'HJiax, aaajioraaabix aoTOMofiiHJiio 3 H M no Becy h qncjiy MecT, ycTaHaBJiHBatOTCH flBHra- re jin 3aBbnneHHofl moiiihocth, qTO .aejiaeTCH b noroHe aa MaKcHMaJibHo BMCOKoñ
peKJlaMHOH CKOpOCTbK) (150— 180 KM/qac), koto- paa npaKTnqecKH He hc- nojib3yeTCH. B to we BpeMH 3aBbimeHHaa mottt- HocTb npHBOflHT k nenpo- H3BOflHTejIhHOMy yBejinqe- HHIO Ha 3THX aBTOMOÓH- jihx pacxona TmnHBa.
COBeTCKHe KOHCTpyKTO- pbi HnyT no flpyroM y — npaBHJibHOMy nyTH. Abto- MoOnjib 3 H M HMeeT ab h- raTeJib MoujHOCTbio Bcero 90 ji. c., hto oóecneqa- BaeT ero HCKjnoqHTejibHO BblCOKyK) TOnjIHBHyK) 3K0- HOMHHHOCTb npH BnOJIHe yíIOBJieTBOpHTeJIbHblX flH-
HaMHnecKHx KanecTBax.
OneHb yaoóHa oóinaa KOMnOHOBKa aBTOMOÓHJIH 3 H M : oh KOMnaKxeH h
HMeer cpaBHHTejibHo HefiojibmoH Bec. Oóman jyiHHa ero Ha 470 mm MeHbine ju m h u aBTOMOÓHJIH 3HC-110, H M e io m e ro Ky30B, o/iHHaKOBbiH no B M ecT H M ocT H , a Bec — MeHbme Ha 650 Kr.
AbtomoOhjib 3 H M — nepBbift OTeqecTBeHHbiñ 3btomo- Cnjib, Ha KOTopoM ycTaHOBJieHbi: opurHHajibHoe ycTpoñ- ctbo noaorpeBa paóoqeñ CMecn, rnflpaBJiHnecKaH My4>- Ta b chjioboh nepejiaqe, KopoÓKa nepeMeHbi nepejiaq c fíecmyMHbiM BKjnoqeHHeM 2-ñ h 3-h nepejiaq
Htoóh BcecTopouHe oneHHTb SKcnJiyaianHOHHbie xa- necTBa aBTOMOÓHJIH 3 H M , c 10 M apia no 15 aBrycTa 3Toro rofla ómjih npoBeaeHbi rocyaapcTBeHHbie HcnbiTa- hhh Tpex aBTOMofíHJieñ 3 H M cepaíiHoro BbinycKa h UJIh cpaBHeHHH — ojiHoro 3btomoóhjih M -20 «rioóe/ia».
B nporpaMMy ncnbiTaHHft bxo«hjih: koh- TpojibHbie CTeHAOBbie ncnbiTaHHH flBHraTejiefi;
jiafiopaTopHbie HCnbITaHHH; jjHHaMHqecxHe H SKOHOMHqecKHe HcnwTaHHH aBTOMofiHJieñ; ao- pOJKHble HCnbITaHHH no MoCKBe B yCJIOBHHX pa3JIHqH0H HHTeHCHBHOCTH H CJIOJKHOCTH yjIHH- Horo flBHKeHHH h .najibHHH npoóer oómHM npoTHJKeHneM b 11 028 km no MapmpyTy, yxasaHHOMy Ha KapTe (pnc. 1). 3a Becb nepHOfl HcnbixaHHH aBTO- moóhjih coBepuiHJiH ripo- óer b 21 072 k m. IlocJie OKOHnaHHa npoOeroBbix H CnbITaH HH BCe aBTOMOÓH"
jih C b ijiH p a 3 o 6 p a H b i, hto- 6bl yCT3HOBHTb C0CT0HHH6 ocHOBHbix AeTa^eñ h se- JIHHHHy HX H3HOCOB.
1 OnHCaHHe K O H C TpyK' HHH aBTOMOÓHJlH 3 H M c m. b JKypHajie « Abtomo- ÓHJib» N° 11 3a 1950 r.
x'fleminenad r
XapbhoS ' l Cmaji
i MojiomcSckoe
^pMCBüp
/¡saf/dwukay 'umaucir VVv
^3ai7.ym Phc. 1. KapTa MapmpyTa npoóera.
Túanucu
4
Bo BpeMH ÄajibHero npoöera 3btomoóhjih npoiuna 4890 km (44,4%) no jo po raM c xapoiiiHM ac^aJibTO- BbiM noKpbiTHeM, 2925 k m (26,6% ) no 6yJibi>KHbiM h
meÓeHonHbiM Äop oraM, 1193 k m (10,8% ) no rpyHTOBbiM floporaM xoponiero h cpeAHero Kaneeraa, 1214 km
(11% ) no pa3HbiM HencnpasHbiM «oporaM, rpa3HUM n nujibHbiM, H 806 KM (7,2% ) no ApyrHM bhahm flopor u ropoÄCKHM npoe3ÄaM. Okojio 23% n y ra 6biJio npofl aeHO no ropHbiM aoporaM KpuMa, KaBi<a3a h KapnaT.
TocyaapcTBeHHbie HcnHTaHHH ripoBoanancb npn noji höh nojie3Hon Harpy3Ke aBTOMoÓHJien (6 qejioBex u 50 Kr 6ar ama) . B KaaecTBe T o n jim a npHMeHHJiacb CMecb 50% 6eH3HHa A-66 u 50% 6eH3HHa A-74 b co- OTBeTCTBHH C nOCJieÄHHM CTaHAapTCM.
Bojibinoe npoTHxeHHe M a p m p y ia aajibH ero npoóera H pa3H006pa3He AOpOJKHHX yCJIOBHH n03BOJIHJIH BCeCTO poHHe oueHHTb xoaoBbie KanecTBa aBTOMOÖnjia 3 HM.
T a 6 ji u n a 1 MHHHMaJIbHblH pac-
« XOÄ 6eH3HHa (no SKOHOMHHei'KHM MapKa aBTOMOÔHJia
O <L>
« xapaKTepHCTHKaM) S
O-3 sS3
K S« O « H
<£>__, -
* % « O c S
S O 28 L> ^ 03 03 3* K « B O es K W
„Mockbhh“ . . . . • • 4 1145 7,5 6,55 1,87 M-20 ,rio6e a‘ . . . . 5 1895 9,5 5,00 1,90 3 H M ... 6 2455 11,0 4,50 1,83 3 H C - 1 1 0 ... 7 3245 19,0 5,85 2,72 B lO H K ... 5 2416 13,5 5,60 2,40 KaÂHjiJïaK... 5 2422 12,2 5,04 2,49
ConocTaBJieHHe rpacjiHKOB (pac. 2 u 3) noKa3biiBaeT, a to «aK b HaaaJibHbiñ, Tax h b KOHetHbiii nepaoabi HcnbiTaHHH Bce Tpa aB- to m o6h ji3 pacxoflOBajiH npHMepHO OÄHHaKOBOe KOJIHneCTBO TOIUIH- Ba.
B TaöJi. 1 npHBeaeHbi aaHHbie o MHHHMajibHOM yflejibHOM pacxofle TonjiHBa oTeaecTBeHHbiMH aBTOMo- ÖHJIHMH H HHOCTpaHHblMH MOAeJIH- MH KJiacca, cooTBeTCTByiomero aB- TOMOÔHJIIO 3HM.
H 3 TaÔJIHUbl BHAHO, HTO 3BT0“
MOÖHjib 3 H M HMeeT HaHMeHbinnä yaejibHbiH pacxoa TonjiHBa.
Bo BpeMa sKOHOMnaecKHX Hcnbi- T3HHH TaKace onpeACJiH-ncsi nyTb CBoöoÄHoro KaaeHHH aBTOMoÔHjiefl 9KOHOMHllHOCTb 110 paC XO Ay
T o n jiH B a
SKOHOMHHHOCTb aBTOMOÔHJieft opeHHBajiacb no hx aKOHOMnaè- CKHM xapaKTepHCTHKaM H cpea- HeMy p a c x o ^y 6eH3HHa b pa3- Hbix yc jio B u a x ABHXieHHH. 3ko- HOMnaecKne xapaKTepHCTHKH aB- TOMoôHJien 3 H M h aBTOMOÔHJia M -20 « n o ô e fla » H3o6pas?eHbi Ha PHC. 2 h 3.
K ax bh âh o H3 STHx rpacjiH-
kob, MHHHMajibHbiü pacxoA Ton- JiHBa aBTOMOÔHJiaMH 3H M npn CKOpoCTH ÆBHJKeHHH 30—
40 KM/aac eocTaBJiaer b cpea- H6M 11 ji/1 0 0 k m; npH CKOpoCTH 80 KM/nac oh B03pacTaeT JiHiiib Ha 30— 3 5% .
P „ c . 3. SKOHOMHaecKHe xapaKtepnctHKH aBTOMOÖnaefl b Konue - c n . m a . f i . Phc. 2. S KO HO M H iecKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH aBTOMOÖHJieÄ B HanaJibHbiH
nepuoA HcnbiTaHHH:
/- 3 H M Ni 1; 2 -3 H M >6 2; 3 -3 H M Ms 3; 4-M-20 „no6eaa\
5
3 H M r¡pn HaqajibHofl ckopocth 50 KM/qac; Oh cocTa-
bh ji b cpeaHeM no rpeM aBTOMoóHjiHM npw nepBOM hc- nbiTaHHH 608 m, npw btopom (nocjie npoSera 6ojiee 20 TbIC. k m) — 641 M.
Pacxoa TonjiHBa npn HcnbiTaHHax b ropoacKHX
vcjiobhhx aBHweHHH cocTaBHJi b cpeaHeM no rpeM aBTOMofiHjiHM 3 H M 17,1 Ji/100 km, a no aBTOMOÓHJiio M -20 «noOeaa» 13,1 ji/100 km.
TaKHM HcnbuaHHHM oaHOBpeMGHHo SbiJiH noflBepruy- Tbi aMepHKancKHe aBTOMoÓMjiH Bhdhk h K aanjuian b u- nycxa 1950 r. CpeaHHñ pacxoa TonjiHBa aBTOMoónjieM KaawjijiaK cociaBHji 20,9 ji/ 100 k m, a aBTOMOóHJieM EkjHK — 22,4 J I/100 KM, HTO COOTBeTCTBBHHO Ha 22% H 3 i% Bbime, qeM aBTOMoóiuieM 3M M . 3 ™ UHcjjpbi Ha- rjIHÜHO nOKa3bIBaiOT, qTO HOBblH COBGTCKHH aBTOMOÓHJIb no cbohm BKOHoMHnecKHM KaqecTBaM 3HaqHTejibHo npe- B0CX04HT HHOCTpaHHblG aBTOMOÓHJlH.
Pacxoa TonjiHBa aBTOMo6HjiHMH 3 H M bo BpeMH aajibHGro npoóera Ha accJjajibTHpoBaHHbix aoporax npn cpeaneí) TexHHqecKon CKopocTH 75— 90 KM/qac 6biji pa- bgh 17— 19 j i / 100 k m, a npw cpeflHeñ CKopocTH 60 KM/qac— 12 ji/ 100 k m. Ha CyjibiWHbix h meCGHoq- hmx aoporax b HcnpaBHOM coctohhhh npn cpeaHGfl ckopocth 40— 70 KM/qac pacxoa ronJiHBa cocTaBJiHJi 13— 20 ji/100 k m, a Ha TaKHx we aoporax c Henc- npaBHbiM noKpbiTHeM — ao 22 ji/ 100 k m; Ha poBHbix cyxHx rpyHTOBbix aoporax npn cpcaHeñ ckopocth 50— 70 KM/qac—ot 16,5 no 22 ji/100 k m; Ha rop- Hbix aoporax npn cpeaHeñ ckopocth 30— 45 KM/qac—
ot 16 no 20 ji/100 km. Pacxoa TomnHBa npn aBH>Ke- hhh Ha ropHbix noflie M ax cocTaBaaa b cpcaHeM 35,6 n / 100 k m, a npn aBH>K6HHH Ha cnycnax — 11,4 ji/ 100 KM.
3th pe3yabTaTbi no3BOJiHioT caeaaTb BbiBoa 06 hc- KJHOqHTeJIbHO BbICOKOft SKOHOMMqHOCTH aBTOMOÓHJIH 3M M no pacxoay ronjiHBa.
Ü.HH:iMHqecKHe KaqecTBa flnHaMHqecKHe KaqecTBa aBTOMo6n- aa 3 M M oueHHBaaHCb no MaKCHMaat- Hofi ckopocth Ha McpHOM yqacTKe, no MaKCHMaabHOÜ HHTGHCHBHOCTH pa3rOH3
h TopMoaíeHHH h no BeawqHHG cpea- H6H TGXHHqeCKOH CKOpOCTH B pa3HbIX yCaOBHHX aBHÍKGHHH.
CpeaHHH no rpeM aBTOMOónaaM Ma- KCHMaabHaa CKopocib b HaqaabHbiñ nepuoa HcnbiTaHHñ (nocae npo6era 4650 k m) paBHaaacb 125,3 KM/qac, a b KOHne HcribiTaHHñ (nocae npo6era 6oaee 20 Tbic. k m) — 127,6 KM/qac (TexHnqecKHe ycaoBHa npeaycMaTpn- B3IOT MaKCHMaabHyiO CKOpOCTb 120 KM/qac).
PeiyabTaTbi ncnbiTaHuft no onpeae- JieHHfO HHTGHCHBHOCTH pa3TOHa 3BT0- Mofinaeñ rpatfnqecKH noKa3aHbi na PHC. 4.
n p n TporaHHH c MecTa (o0 = 0 KM/qac), c nepe- KatoqeHHeM nepeaaq HHTeHCHBHocTb pa3roHa aBTOMO- 6hjih 3 H M Ha nepBbix 150 m noqTH oanHaKoaa c hh- TeHCHBHoeTbfo pa3roHa aBTOMOóHaa «rioOeaa» (3MA4—
13,3 ceK.; «rioO eaa»— 13,6 cea.). B aaabHeñmeM hh- TeHCHBHOCTb pa3roHa aBTOMo6naH 3 H M yBejiHqHBaeT- ch, h nyTb b 500 m oh npoxoAHT 3a 29,4 cea., a
«I3o6eaa» — aa 32,3 cea.
n p n pa3roHe Ha npnMoñ nepeaaqe, HaqnHaa co cko- pocTH 20 KM/qac, nyTb b 150 m aBTOMoónab 3M M npoxoaHT 3a 13,6 cea., a «rio6e.aa» — 3a 15 ceK.
OnpeaeaeHHe hhtghchbhocth pa3T0Ha asTOMoónaefl b Haqaae h b KOHne npoóeroBbix HcnbiTaHHñ noKa3aao, qTO 3a 3to BpeMH no BceM TpeM aBTOMoSnaHM npaKTH- qecKH He npoH3omao h h k3khx H3MeHeHHH.
Bo BpeMH nepBoro HcnbiTaHHH TopM030B 6biao ycTa- HOBaeHO, qTO s^cJjeKTHBHOCTb TopMoa<eHHH npn Haqaab- hoh caopocTH 50 KM/qac h Bbime HeaocTaToqHa (übh- weHHH aoaec 1030M aocTHrHyTb He yaaaocb). ¡\m w a TopM03Horo nyTH npn ckopocth 80 KM/qac paBHaaacb 62 m. ripHqnHa stoto 3aaaioqaaacb b HeyaoBJieTBopH- TeabHOM aaqecTBe Haaaaaoa Ha TopM03Hbix aojioaaax, noBepxHOCTb KOTopbix npH HarpeBe noapbmajiacb cTea- JioBHüHbiM cjioeM. B flajibHeñuieM, Kor.ua stot cjioñ 6 b u yaajieH, TopMo3a cTajin aeñcTBOBaTb HopMajibHo.
n PH BTopnqHOM onpeaejieHHH stJx^eKTHBHocTH neñ- CTBHH T 0 p M 0 3 0 B B KO H U e n p o C e r O B b lX HCnbITaHHH Ü JIH - H a T o p M 0 3 H o r o nyTH c HaqajibHoñ ckopocth 80 K M /q a c
OKa3ajiacb b c p e a H e M p a B H o ñ 42 m.
n p n HcnbiTaHHHX b ycaoBHHX yjiHqHoro üBH>aeHHH r Mockbm cpeaHHH TexHHqecaan ci<opocTb 3btom o6hjih
3 H M cocTaBHJia 23— 32 KM/qac (npHMepHo Taaan ate, KaK aBTOMOónjiH M -20 «Ilo6e.ua»).
ripH HcnbiTaHHHx b flajibHeM npoSere cprothh Tex- HHqecKan caopocTb aBTOMoÓHJieft 3 H M cocTaBJiHJia: Ha HcnpaBHbix aci|)ajibTHpoBaHHbix aoporax 60— 75 KM/qac (Ha MarncTpajiH MocKBa — Mhhck 93 KM/qac); Ha hc- npaBHbix aoporax c 6yjibi>KHbiM hjih me6eHoqHbiM no-
1—3HM, vL = 0 KM/qac; 2—M-20 „no6e.aa, &0 — 0 KM/qac: 3—3HM, v0 = 20 km Mac; 4 — M-20 „ílo óezia“ , vQ = 20 KM/Mac.
6
ttpbiTHeM 5 0 - 6 0 KM/iac; Ha poBHbix cyxnx rp y H T O B b ix nopnrax 40— 55 KM/qac; Ha ropHbix noporax 30 42 KM/wac.
CpeaHHH TexHHHecKaa CKopocTb 3a Becb nyTb npo6e- ra coi-TasHJia 48,2 K M / q a c npw cpeztHecyTOHHOM npo6e- re b 298.1 k m.
Bo3MO>KHOCTb flBHJKeHHH Ha aBTOMo6H.ne 3 H M C Bbl- COKHMH CKOpOCTHMH B CaMblX p83H006pa3HbIX ZlOpO>K- Hbtx ycJioBHHX oSecneqHBaercfl He TOJibKO ynoBJieTBO- pHTejibHOH aHHaMHKoft, ho h npyrHMH ero KaMeCTBaMH.
K hhm cjienyeT omeCTH: MfirKOCTb h npoHHOCTb nofl- aecKH, njiaBHocTb xona, xopoiuyio ynpaBJiaeMocTb h ycTOHMHBOCTb na nopore.
* • •
Hajinqne rHüpaBJiHHecKoft My<})Tbi b chjioboh nepe- aaqe oOecneHHBaeT ynoficTBO ynpaBJieHHii aBTOMOÓii- jieM 3 H M , T3K KaK rHflpoMytJrra coKpamaeT hhcjio ne-
peoioqeHHH nepenaq.
Bq BpeMH HcnbiTaHHH He yztajiocb onpenejiHTb, KaK BJiHHeT rHapoMy(J)Ta Ha AHHaMHqecKHe KaqecTBa h pac-
\o n 6eH3HHa, Tan KaK nporpaMMoñ HcnbuaHHH He « o - nycKajiacb ójioKHpoBKa MyifiTbi. BjiHHHHe rHupoMycfiTbi Ha TopMO>KeHHe aBTOMOÓHjiH flBHraiejieM npoBepsuiocb
Phc. 5. Ha ac^aJibTHpoBaHHOM mocee b M ojiaaB - ckoh CCP.
(pOTO H . JloópOBOJlbCKOtO npa flBHJKeHHH Ha fl.7iHTejibHb!x KpyTbix cnycKax C ropHbix nepeBajioB KpbiMa h KaBi<a3a. Bm.ho ycTanoB JieHO, HTO npil flBHWeHHH CO CKOpOCTbfO Bblllie
15 KM/qac rHflpoMycj)Ta He yMeHbmaeT sc^eRTa Top- Mo>KeHHH aBTOMo5H.na asHraTeJieM. npocKaJib3bmaHHe b FHapoMycjjTe He no3BOJisieT TopM03HTb flBHraTejieM JiHiiib npn Majibix CKoporrnx flBHweHHH, npaKiHqecKH
He npHMeHaeMbix B oñbiqHblX yCJIOBHHX.
B.nnsinne rHa.poMycJjTbi Ha nycK flBHraiejiH ripn no MniHH 6y KCHpOBKH npoBepflJIOCb na aBTOMOfiHJie 3 H , npocTOHBLueM Honb Ha nHTHaauaTHrpaaycHOM Mopo3e.
riocjie npeaBapHTejTbHoá ñyKCHpoBKH na npoTHweHHH 70— 100 m (jlJia oóJierqeHHH npoBepTbiBaHHH KOJiec h chjioboh nepenaqii) BKJHoqajiacb npflMaa nepeaaqa, nocjie 150 m nyTH npn ckopocth 20 KM/qac ABHraieJib
a a n H H a j i p a S o T a t b ycTO H H H B O .
Bo BpeMH HcnbiTanHH TaKHíe npoBepHJiacb naneJKHOCTb pañoTM runpoMyijiTbi b yc.noBHHx Mea-neiiHoro flBHwe- HHH (40 KM/qac) Ha fljiHTejibHOM nofl-beMe ( y o o n oko- jio 7 %) , t. e. npn 3HaqHTejibHOM npocKa.ab3bmaHHH b Heíi ~ 25%. riocJie TpexKHjioMerpoBoro nyTH reMnepa- Ty p a rnnpoMy(})T Ha Bcex Tpex aBTOMOÓHJiHX 3 H M nojiHHJiacb c 70 no 100° C. npw tskom HarpeBe He- HopMajibHOCTeñ b nocjieayiomefl pagoie rHflpoMy([)T He Hafijiroflajiocb.
F lp O X O f l H M O C T b
J Ijih jierKOBoro aBTOMoónjiH KJiacca 3HM, npezma- 3HaieHHoro u j ih aBHJKeHHH n o ójiaroycTpoeHHbiM no- (joraM c TBepabiM noKpbiTHeM (piic. 5 h 6 ), npo-
Phc. 6. B cToaime Tpy3HH.
‘Poto H . Ro6poeoMCKOto XOflHMOCTb He HBJIHeTCH OCHOBHblM KaHeCTBOM. TeM H9 Menee, TaKoft aBTOMOóHJib aojiJKeH oÓJiaaaTb onpefle- JieHHOH npOXOÜH MOCTblO ZIJ1H OÓT)e3fla peMOHTHpyeMblX MOCTOB HJIH HeHCnpaBHblX yqaCTKOB flo p o r, flBHJKeHHH no 3acHe>KeHHMM aoporaM h b HCKJironHTejibHMx cjiy- qaax juih aBii>KeHHH no jio p o ra M c 6ojibmnMH nepoB- HOCTHMH (pHC. 7).
Phc 7 ripeoaoJieHMe Opona.
CpOTO H . Jl.oñp O S O A b C K O Z O
7
OcHOBHbie napaMeTpbi, xapaKTepH3yioniHe npoxoaH- MOdb aBTOMofiajiH 3 H M b cpaBHeHHH c aHajiormHbiMH napaMeTpaMH 3bto m o6hjih « n o 6e.na», npuBeaeHM b T a6 ji. 2.
T a 6 jih u a 2
napaMeTpbi 3 H M „rio 6e,ą a“
PaCCTOHHHe B MHJIJIHMe- Tpax ot naocKocTH onopbi Koaec ,no:
a) rionepequHbi nepea,- Heft noABecKH . . . 6) cnycKHOH npoÓKii
205 210
KopoÓKii neperiaq . b) KapTepa 3aflHero
209 220
MOCTa . . . 214 200
Ba3a aBTOMOÓHaa, mm . . nepejiHHH y ro a Bi>e3na
3200 2709
b rp a n y c a x ...
3aaHHH y ro a B-be3.ua b
24 27
rp a a y c a x ...
riOJIHblH BeC aBTOMOÓH-
18 19
jih, K r ...
Bec Ha nepeaHioio ocb,
2455 1895
K r ... 1188 (48,5% ) 900 (47,5% ) Pa3Mep HIHH . . . .
Bec aa 1" HiHpHHbi npo- 7 , 0 0 - 1 5 6 , 0 0 - 1 6 (jlHJia HIHHbl, K r . . . 85 75
Ü3 TaSji. 2 BHflHO, hto ocHOBHbie napaMeTpbi, xa- paKTepH3yiomHe npoxo/iHMOCTb aBTOMo6HJia 3 H M , He- 3HaqHTejibHo oTjinaaiOTCH ot aHajiornqHbix napaMeTpoB HaHóojiee pacnpocTpaHeHHoro b Hamefl CTpaHe jierKO- Boro aBTOMoSiMH «no6ea;a». PaccTOHHHe me ot njio-
ckocth onopbi KOJiec ao KapTepa 3a,uHero MOCTa y aB-
to m o6hjih 3 H M óojibine, qeM y aBTOMOÓHjia «ÍIoQefla», ójiaronapa ranoKUHoii rjiasHofl nepe/iaqe.
Abtomo6hjib 3 H M HMeeT 6ojiee BbicoKyio npoxo/iH- MOCTb, aeM COBpeMeHHbie aBTOMOÓHJIH HHOCTpaHHblX Ma- poK. Tax, paccTOHHHe ot onopHoft njiocKocTH no none- peaHHbi nepeflHeñ nonBecKH y aBTOMoóHjia 3 H M co-
"TaBjiaeT 205 m m, y aBTOMoónjia K a a n ju ia K — 187 mm h y aBTOMoSujia Biohk Bcero 139 m m. Bo BpeMa Hcnbi- TaHHfl 9T0T He^OCTaTOK HHOCTpaHHblX aBT0M0 6HJie?I Bbl- HyjK^ajI pe3KO CHHIKaTb CKOpOCTb HX HBHHíeHHH H npHHHMaTb ocoóue Mepw npeaocTopojKHOCTH nawę hjih
npoe3.na cpaBHiiTeJibHO HeOojibninx HepoBHOCTeñ nopor.
OnbIT HBHJKeHHH B pa3H0o6pa3HHX .HOpOHCHblX y c jio - BHax n03B0JiaeT npH3HaTb npoxonHMOCTb aBTOMOÓHJia 3 H M BnojiHe ynoBJieTBopiiTejiMioH.
HaAełKHOCTb, npOHHOCTb H H3H0C0CT0flK0CTb HecMOTpa Ha cpaBHHTejibHO Tawejibie ycjiOBHa ncnbi-
t3h h h, 3a Bce BpeMa He npoH3onuio HHKaKHx cyme- CTBeHHblX nOJIOMOK OCHOBHblX MeX3HH3MOB HJ1H y3JI0B aBTOMoCHJiefl.
y Bcex Tpex aBTOMoÓHjieñ 3 H M sa BpeMa HcnbiTa- HHH 6bIJIO 17 OCTaHOBOK nO TeXHHHeCKHM npHHHHaM
H3 KOTopbix 13 BCJieACTBHe npOKOJia HiHH. BpeMa, 3a- TpaqeHHoe Ha ycTpaHeHHe HeHcnpaBHOCTeñ, cocTaBHJio b cpe^HeM 0,5% ot BpeMeHH nBHweHHH Kawnoro aB- tomoChjih hjih 7 mhh. Ha 1000 km npoóera. 3 r n u,h<J>- p u yKa3bIBaK3T Ha flOCTaTOHHO BblCOKyra HaflejKHOCTb aBTOMoOHjia.
ZlBHraTeJiH Bcex aBTOMoSiwieH paóoiajiH 6ecnepe6oń- ho. neperpeBa He HaOjnonajiocb naw ę b HanSojiee th-
* ejibix ycjioBHax nBHweHHH — b HfapKHe ahh Ha rop- Hbix noporax h npn MenJieHHOM nBHweHHH c nonyT- HblM BeTpOM.
Hocjie OKOHaaHiia npoóera nanraTejin 6h j i h nonBepr- HyTbl KOHTpOJIbHbIM CTeHnOBbIM HCnbITaHHaM £0 H nocjie yaajieHHa Harapa H3 KaMep cropaHna. MaKCH- MajibHaa MomHOCTb Bcex Tpex nBHraTejieii nocne yna- JieHHa Harapa 0Ka3anacb Bbirne b cpenHeM Ha 4,5 ji. c.
no cpaBHeHHio c HcnbiTanneM b Haqane npoSera. M a- KCHMajibHaa MomHOCTb y oineJibHbix flBHraTejieñ paB- HHjiacb: 3 H M JVs 1 — 94,2 ji. c., 3 H M Ns 2— 94,3 ji. c., 3 H M N° 3 — 95,0 ji. c. CpenHaa BejiHqiiHa MaKCHManb- Horo KpyTamero MOMenTa cocTaBHjia 22,63 Kr-M (no TeXHHHeCKHM yCJIOBHHM 21,5 Kr-M).
BHemHaa xapaKTepncTHKa onHoro H3 jBuraT&neft H3o6pa»:eHa Ha pnc. 8.
CTeHflosbie HcnbiTaHHa nsaraTeneñ npoBoaHjmcb 6c3 rjiymiHTejia, BeHTHjisrropa, reHepaTopa, boahhoh nOMnbl, HO C B03flyxOOHHCTHTejieM H KopofiKOH ne- pe^aq.
MHKpoMeTpupoBaHHe ooHOBHbix fleTajieñ aBHraTeJieft nocjie HcnbiTaHHH noKa3ajio Heóojibmyio BejiHqHHiy hx H3HOca. Tax, HanpHMep, h3hoc uhjihhapob óbia b npe- aejiax 0,03— 0,05 m m, t. e. 1,5— 2,5 MHKpoHa Ha 1000 km npofiera, npoTHB 2— 3 mhkpohob Ha 1000 km y ABHraTejia asTOMoSajia «no6eaa», OTJinqaiomeroca BblCOKOH H3HOCOCTOHKOCTbIO HHJIHHapOB.
H3HOC BepXHHX KOMnpeCCHOHHblXI KOJlen no BblCOTe cocTaBHji 0,02 0,04 m m; TenjiOBOH 3a3op sthx KOJiea yBejinqHjica na 0,5— 0,7 m m.
Pa3Mepw rneeK KOJieHqaToro Bajía He Bbixo,iHJiH hs npenejioB HaqajibHbix 3aBoacKHx aonycKOB. noBbimeH- h u x H3HOCOB He 6buio o0Hapy>KeHO h y jpyTHX' aera- Jiefl aBHraiTejreS.
Ha pafioqeñ noBepxHocTH HeKoropbix toukoctchhbix BKJia^bim eñ noAUJHnHHKOB KOJieHqaToro Bajía noaBU- JiHCb MecTHbie paspyiiieHHa 6a66iHTOBoro cjioa, q ro o6biqHO CbiBaeT npH Ta>Ke.nbix pe*HMax paóoTbi nBHra- Tejía. 3to oóbacHaeTca noaBJieHneM ycTajioCTH cbhh^ HOBHCToro 6a66nTa bo3mohcho b coqeraHHH c neñ- CTBHeM Ha Hero khcjioth, HMeronteftca b Macjie
(BbIMbIBaHHe CBHHUa KHCJIOTOfl).
ApyrHM HeaocTatkom Omjio ocjiatíjieHHe cTonopHbix Kojien nopiHHeBro najibiieB, h t o HBJiaeTca, t io b h j im m o- Miy, np0H3BO«CTBeHHbiM necfieKTOM; B oaHOM cjiyqae sto npHBejio k noBpe>KaeHHio cjioMaHHWM KOjibuoM nopuiHa:
h UMaHHnpai.
Pacxo/t Macjia HBHraTejiaMn b cpeaHeM 3a nepnou HcnbiTaHHii cocTaBiui 70 r Ha 100 k m, hjih 0,6% k pac- xoay TonjiHBai.
8
B chjioboh nepeAaqe 3a BpeMH «cnbiTaHHñ 6m a h 06- HaipyjKeHbi cJieAyiomne HeHcnpaBHOCTH:
a) noBbimeHHbtñ hshoc KOHHqecKoro 6poH30Boro KOJibua cHHxpoHHsaTopa nepeKAioqeHHa 2-ñ n e p e fla ra Ha oahom H3 aBTOMoCHJieñ. CHHxpoHH3aTop nepecTaJi paSoTaTb nocjie n p oóera b 14 400 k m,
6 ) «Ba cjiyqaa 3ae«aHHH mapHKOBoro noAiHHimHKa npoMeJKyTOBHOH onopbi KapAaHHoro Bajía BCAeACTBiie HGjiocTaToqHO HaaexHOH 3aipnTbi noAuiannHKa ot no naaaHHH rpa3H;
b) noTeMHeHHG pa ó oq u x noBepxHOCTeñ o6o h m h po- jihko b nofliiiHnHHKOB AHiJiepeHUHaAa h o6pa30BaHHe K0PP03HH Ha HHX (oqeBHAHO, H3-3a HeAOCTaTOHHO xo- pornero KaqecTBa xjiopH oñ cMa3KH, npHMeHaeMoñ flJia ranoHAHbix nepeA aa).
FIoABecKa aBTOMOÓHJia 3 H M b peJiOM HMeeT TaKue w e BbicoKHe KaaecTBa, KaK h 3apeKOMeHAOBaBinaa ce- 6 a b s K c n jiy a T a u H H n o A B e c x a aBTOMOÓHAH « Ilo ó e A a » - C jia6bIM MeCTOM nOABeCKH O Ka3aJIHCb TOJIbKO pesHHO- Bbie B T y jiK H n a jib u e B 3 a A H H x p e c c o p , K O T op b ie H 3-3 a nAoxoro K a q e c T B a p e3 H H bi p a 3 p y m a jin c b (n p o A a B A H B a - JiHC b) q e p e 3 5-1-15 T b ic. k m.
BbiJin oóHapyjKeHbi OTAeJibHbie HeAocTaTKH Ky30Ba.
B qacTHOCTH, nocjie n p óóera okojio 14 Tbic. k m Ha BC6X aBTOMOÓHJIHX nOaBHJIHCb TpemHHbl B nOAKOCaX ero nepeAHeñ qacTH, okojio npoAOJibHbix 6aAOK, k ko- TopbiM KpenaTca A B H ra ie jib h nepeAHaa noABecKa.
n o c jie n p o 6e ra b 15,5 t h c. k m cTajin noaBJiaTbca BepTHKajibHbie TpemHHbl b nepeAHeñ qacTH 33a h hx KpbIJIbeB BHH3y.
B HaCTOamee BpeMa FopbKOBCKHM 3BTOMOÓHAbHbIM 33B0A0M HMeHH MoJioTOBa npHHHTbi Mepbi ajih ycTpa- Hemia Bcex 3aMeqeHHbix HeAocTaTKOB.
y A O Ó C T B O 06cAy>KH B aH H fl
B nepnoA rocyAapcTBeHHbix HcnbrraHHH npoBOAHjiocb cHCTeMaTHqecKoe HaÓJiioAeHHe 3a BceMH onepaiiHHMH rio oCcJiyjKHBaHHio aBTOMOÓHAeñ. OKa3aAocb, hto oko- jio 50°/o onepauHñ, npeAycMOTpeHHbix 33boackoh h h- CTpyKHHeñ qepe3 Kaxm bie 1000 h 3000 k m n p o6era aBTOMOÓHJia, MoryT BbinoAHHTbca 3HaqHiejibHO pe>Ke.
3tO OTHOCHTCa K qHCTKe (JlHAbTpa MaCJIOHajIHBHOro naTpyÓKa, npoBepice coeAHHeHHñ sjieKrponpoBOAKH ii AP-
BbIHBHJIOCb, qTO HeOÓXOAHMO AOnOAHHTb KOMnAeKT HHCTpyMeHTOB KJIIOqOM AJIH CJIHBHOH npofiKH (JlHAbTpa rp y ó o ñ oqucTKH h TopuoBbiM KjiioqoM a jih raeK, coeAH- naioniHX BbinycKHoñ TpyóonpoBOA c npHeMHoñ Tpy6ofl rjiyniHTeAH.
HeAOCTaTKOM KOHCTpyKHHH aBT0M06HJIH 3 H M HB- JiaiOTCH ÓOAblHHe «KapMaHbl» nOA KpblJIbHMH, B KOTO- pbix coónpaeTca rpa3b, CHer, AeA; oqHmaTb sth Kap- Maiibi TpyAHO.
3aipyAHeH AOCTyn k (JiHJibTpy rp y ó o ñ oqHCTKH Macjia.
f l j I H CM3 3 KH K aiK A O rO U IKBO pH a nOBOpOTHblX KyAaKO B n e p e A H H X KOJiec n p e A y c M O T p e H b i ABe M a cae H K H B M e c ro oAHoñ, q ro yBejiHqiiBaeT q n cjio xoqeK c m33k h h BpaA AH HeOÓXOAHMO.
ABTOMofíHAb 3 H M HMeeT paA oAHHaKOBbix AeTaAeñ c HBTOMOÓHAHMH «rlo6 e A a» H T A 3 -5 1 , qTO 3HaqHTeAbHO oóaerqaeT ero oócAyiKHBaHHe h peMOHT.
* *
*
Pe3yAbTaTbi rocyAapcTBeHHbix HcnbiTaHHñ h 3H3a h3 KOHCTpyKTHBHblX OCOÓeHHOCTeñ aBT0M06HAH 3 H M noA- TBepiKAaioT ero BbicoKHe KaqecTBa npn sKCiuiyaTauHH B pa3HOo6pa3HbIX AOpOJKHblX H KAKMaTHqeCKHX ycAO- BHHX CoBeTCKOrO Coi03a.
OcHOBHbie npeHMymecTBa aBTOMOÓHAa 3 H M — npo- CTOpHblñ, CBeTAblñ, KOM(})OpTa6eAbHbIH Ky30B, AerKOCTb ynpaBAeHHa, xo pom aa SKOHOMHqHOCTb no pacxoAy TOn' AHBa, BblCOKaa CKOpOCTb ABHJKeHHH b pa3Hoo6pa3Hbix AopoJKHbix ycAOBHax, xopouiHe xoAOBbie KaqecTBa, Mar- KOCTb noABecKH, npoqHOCTb h H3HococToñKocTb a rp e ra - TOB.
ABT0M06HAb 3 H M , HecoMHeHHO, aBAHexca h o bm m KpynHbiM ycnexoM oTeqecTBeHHoro aBTOMo6HAecTpoe- HHH.
9
CoBpeMeHKbie cpeACTBa MexaHH3aiiHH norpy3KH
H a B a / i O H H b i x c T p o H T e j i b H b i x M a T e p n a ^ O B
J la y p e a m CmcuiimcKoii npeM.ua u h m:. A. B A C H J lb E B , Hand. mexH. uayK f . A E E T E P E B
BejiHKO 3HaqeHHe aBTOMoömibHoro TpaHcnopTa b toh
oipoMHOH pafioTe, KOTopyro BeaeT Becb coßeTCKHH Ha- poa no C03Ä3HHI0 MBTepHajlbHOH 6a3bl KOMMyHHCTH- qecKoro oöniecTBa
l i p « rnraflTCKOM pa3Maxe CTpoHTejibCTBa, ocym e- CTBJIHeMOrO BO Bcex OTpaCJIHX HapOÄHOrO X03HHCTBa, noTpeÖHocTb b aBTOMo6njibHbix nepeB03Kax B03pacTaeT b TaKoö CTeneHH n t h k h m h TeMnaMH, hto ä jih yaoBJie- TBOpeHHH 3TOH nOTpeÖHOCTll OÄHOTO JlHIHb KOJIHMeCTBeH- Horo nonojmeHHH aBTOMOÖHjibHoro n a p x a aajieKO HeÄO- craTOHHo. HeoßxoaHMo peniHTeJibiioe yjiyqm eHHe xa- qecTBa a K c n jiy a ra u n n cym ecTByrom ero aBTOMoÖHJibHoro n a p xa , Hanöojiee n o jin o e ncnojib30BaHHe OoraTenmeH T exH H K H , KOTopyK) ÄaeT OTenecTBeHHan aBTOMOÖHJibnasi rlpOMbllHJieHHOCTb.
Oäho H3 naußojiee Ba>KHbix cpeÄCTB yjiyqmeHHH skc- ruiyaTauHH aBTOMoönjibHoro TpaHcnopTa — MexaiiH3a- UHH norp y3 0 -pa 3 rp ÿ3o q H b ix paßoT. B 1951 r. HyjKHO ÄOCTaRHTb TOJIbKO ÄJIH HyjKÄ CTpOHTejIbCTBa BOJITO- HoHCKoro BOflHoro n y ™ 6 m jih. m3 HHeprabix MaTepna- jioB (KaMHB, meÖHH, rpaBHH h necK a). f l j m coopyjKe- HHH C iajiHHrpancKO H rHflpoajieKTpocTaHUHH noTpeßyeT- c ii OKOJio 15 m jih. M3 MecTHbix CTpoHTejibHbix MaTepna- JioB. IlepepaöoT K a TaKoro KO jioccajibHoro rpy30oöopoTa H npHTOM B KOpOTKHe CpOKH 6bIJia 6bl HeMblCJIHMa, eCJIII 6 bl BejIHKHG CTpOHKH KOMMyHH3M3 He ßblJIII HacbimeHbi c c m u m h m o iu h m m h h TexHHnecKH coBepmen- HblMH CpeaCTBaMH MexaHH3aiIHH TpyjIOeMKHX H T50KC- JlblX paÖOT.
OTeqecTBeHHas npoMbmiJieHHOCTb BbinycKasT pa3JiHq- Hbie no KOHCTpyKHHH MaixiHHbi, ycKopaiOHiHe n o rp y 3 0 i- Hbie onepam iH ;i oöjierqaiounie TpyÄ 3aHHTbix b hhx paÖOHHX. MHOTHe H3 3THX MHUIHH BblnyCKaiOTCH npeÄ- npHHTHHMH MHHIICTepCTBa CTpOHTejIbHOTO H ÄOpOJKIIOrO MaiHHHOCTpOeHHH ÄJIH BCeB03M0>KHbIX CTpOHTejIbHblX opraHH3au,HH h b nepByio oqepeÄb ä jih BejiHKHx CTppeK KOMMyHH3Ma.
B HacToameö CTaTbe onncbraaioTCH HeKOTopbie co- BpeMeHHbie ManiHHbi äjih norpy3KH HaßajioHHbix cTpoH- reJibHbix MaTepiiajioB. K an H3BecTHo, Ha äojiio stjix
MaTepnajioB (BKJHOHaa rpyrnr, nepeBoaHMbiö b npouecce 3eMJiHHbix paöoT) npnxoÄHTCH öojibiue nojioBHHbi Bcero rpy30oßopoTa CTpoiiTejibiibix rpy30B. npiiM enenne aß- TOMOÖHjieß-caMOCBajiOB no3BojiHeT ycnemno MexaHH- 3Hp0B3Tb ÄBa 3BeHa TpHHCnopTHOrO npouecca, CB5I3aH- Horo c nepeB03K0H HaBajioqHbix rpy30B,— coSctbchho
T p a H c n o p n i p o B K y h p a 3 r p y 3 ky. Ilorpy3K a äo cpaBHHTejibHO HeaaBHero BpeMeHH BbinojiHHjiacb npeHMymecTBeHHO BpyqHyio. 3a nocjie^Hee BpeMH, b CBH3H C pe3KHM pOCTOM npOH3BOÄCTBa 3KCKaB3TOpOB,
caMoxoÄHbix norpy3HHKOB, TpaHcnopTepoB h t. ä-, h m&-
io tc h Bce npeanocbiJiKH p jin peuiHTejibHoro BHeÄpeHHH b aBTOTpaHcnopTHbie nepeB03KH MexaHH3npoBaHHoä ii o r p y 3kh.
O co fib ix ycnexoB b nocjieBoeHHbie roÄbi a o c r a r jio 3KCKaßaTopocTpoeHiie. B 1950 r. BbinymeHo b boccmb pa3 ßojlbm e 3KCKaB3TOpOB, HeM B ÄOBOeHHOM 1940 r.
BbiaaioinHMCH AOCTHJKeHHeM Hamen npoMbimjieHHocTH HBJiaeTCH ocBoeHHe npoH3B0ÄCTBa rnraHTCKoro rnaraio- mero 3KCKaB3T0pa 3111-14/65 c ko bhio m eMKocTbio 14 M 3, K O T O p b lH 3 3 M e H H e T T blC H H H S e M Jie K O IIO B .
SKCKaBaTopHbift napK p a cn ojia ra e T m h o th m h THnaMH 3 K C K 3 B a T 0 p 0 B , B IIJ IO T b Ä O B e C b M a n O Ä B H X C H blX , m H p O K O n p H M e H H e M b ix ä jih 3 a r p y 3 K H a B T O M O Ó H J ie ñ . K hx q n c J i y OTHOCHTCH 3 K C K 3 B a T 0 p - K p a H M a p K H H K A -0,25/5, KOTO
p b lH c M O H T iip o B a H H a m a c e n 3bto m o6hjih 3HC-151,
H M e e T Ä ß e K a Ö H H b i ( m o i j i e p a h M a m H H H C T a ) h C H a ö - H te H C M e H H b IM O Ö O p y Ä O B a H H e M . HjIH n p O H 3 B O Ä C T B a 3 e M J iH H b ix p a ö o T , n o r p y 3 K H r p y H T a h a p y r n x c b i n y q n x M a T e p n a ji o B y c T a n a ß ji H B a io T p y K O H T b c k o b m o m e M K o c T b io 0,25 m3, a ä j i h n o r p y 3 K H m T y q H b ix r p y 3 0 B — K p a H O B y io C T p e Ä y h T H r o B b iö T p o c . r p y s o n o Ä T ie M H O C T b K p a H a — 5 t. rip O Ä O J IJ K H T e J Ib H O C T b 3 a r p y 3 K H a B T O M O Ö H - JIH 3H C -5 — OKOJIO 4 M H H . Ilp 0 H 3 B 0 Ä H T e J lb H 0 C T b 3 K C K 3 - B a T o p a n p n ö e c n e p e ß o H H O ö n o Ä a i e a B T O M O Ö H Ä e ü —
25—30 M 3/ q a c .
SKCKaßaTop-KpaH 3-255 Ha nHeBMaTiiqecKHX mHHax (pHC. 1), b OTJIHqHe o r H K A -0,25/5, HMeeroneuHaÄbHo CKOHCTpynpoBaHHoe macen c oähoh KaÖHHofl, b ko to- poH noMemaeTCH moi}>ep, oh x<e MamHHHCT.
Emkoctb KOBma stoto 3KCKaßaTopa — 0,25 m3; CTpe- Jia MOJKeT ncBopaqHBaTbCH Ha 360°. 3KCKaBaTop po- CTaToqno ycToäqHB h MO>KeT paöoTaTb 6e3 npHM eiieiiHfl cneu,HajibHbix ÄOMKpaTOB na b h h o c h h x on o pa x. Ilp H - BOÄ Bcex MeX3HH3MOB OCymeCTBÄHeTCH OT ÄBHraTeJIH 1-MA MOiijHOCTbio 52 Ji. c., ycTaHOBÄeHHoro BHyTpH KaÖHHbi Ha noBopaqHBaiomeHCH BMecTe c KpaHow iiÄomaÄKe.
BoÄee MoipHbiMH, ho MeHee MaHeBpeiiHbiMH h bjihio t-
c h 3 K C K 3 B a T o p b i T p e x Ä p y r H x T H n o B : 3-505 na ryce-
IIH q H O M XOÄy, O Ö O p y Ä O B a H H b lH K O B m O M eM K O C T b lO C,5 M 3 (npoH3BOÄHTejibHOCTb äo 120 M3/q a c ); 3 -1 1 0 3 c ko b- IHOM eMKOCTblO 1 M3 (npOH3BOÄHTeJIbHOCTb OKOÄf 200 Ms/qac) h 3II1-3 c KOBmoM eMKocTbio 3 m3- HocJieÄHHH HMeeT ajieKTpnqecKHH npiiBOÄ, a no Tnn>
ÄßHJKHTejiH «BÄHeTCH m a ra io iiiH M , KaK H rHraHTCKHH SKCKaBaTOp C KOBmoM eMKOCTblO 14 M3.
rip n p a ö o re b Kapbepax SKCKaBaTopu o 6 o pyÄ yio TC5!
npeHMymecTBeHHO pyKOHTbio b bhäc npHMOÜ jio n a T H , a u p a n orpy3K e rpyHTa H3 ko tä o b3hob — b b h ä© »6paT-
10
«oft jionaTbi. B cjiynae paöoTbi b 3a6ojioneHHbix Meciax HJIH HH3HH3X 3KCK3BaT0pbI o6opyAyK>TCH yAJIHHeHHOH CTpejioü h qeJirocTHbiM 3axBarbiBaiomHM kobuiom (rpefl-
<})epOM) HJIH CKpeÖKOBbIM KOBUIOM.
f l j i a HppurauHOHHbix h MejiHopaTHBiibix paÖOT npH- MeHHioTCH TaKwe MiioroKOBinoBbie 3KCKaB3Topbi none- peuHoro uepnaHHH. Tax, SKCKaBaTop 3M -301 (pwc. 2)
m o>k6t paóoTaTb, uepnan Ha rjiyÖHHe j o 8 m « nepe- JBHraHCb BflOJIb KaHajia CO CKOpOCTblO ÄO 0,18 k m/hsc. MnoroHepnaKO Ban jienTa SKCKaBaTopa nonaeT rp y iiT b 3anacHbie öyHKepw, noAsemeHHbie k ero paMe Ha Ta- KOH BbicoTe, htoö h non HHMH Mor CTaTb 3arpy>KaeMbiii aBTOMOÖHJIb. SKCKaBaTOp OÓOpynOBaH riHTblO 3JieKTP0- ABHraTejiHMH, npenHasHaueHtibiMH hjih nepenBHiKeHiia -3KCK3BaTopa, a T a K *e ajih npHBeneHHH b neñCTBHe KOBiuoBOH nenn, 3aTBopa Cynnepa h Ä p y rn x MexaHH3- MOB. Ü B iira e T ca sKCKaaaTop no peJibcaM bao jił cTposi- m erocH Kanajia.
np oH3BoaHTejibHOCTb 3KCK3BaTopa 3M -301 sa 8-na- coByio CMeny — okojio 360 m3. Ilp n 3auHCTKe otkocof Kanajia, npoH3BOÄHBuieficH äo nocjieAnero BpeMeHH iipeHMymecTBeHiio BpyuHyio, SKCKaBaTop 3M-3Û1 3aMe- iiaeT 70 paßomix.
f l jiH norpy3KH rpyHTa Ha 3btom o6h jih, iio m h m o 3KCKaBaTopoB, c ycnexoM npHMeHHioTca rpeftaep-sJie- BaTop f l -192, óyjib a o se pb i f l - 157 h fl- 1 5 9 , cnpenepu fl- 1 4 7 h Ä p y rn e M am m ibi. 3a nocJieAnee BpeMH 6yJib- H03epbi TaK »e HcnoJib3yioTCii npH norpy3Ke Ha a B io- m oöhjih KapbepHbix MaTepnajioB — necKa h rp a m ia ,
Phc. 1. 3KCKaßaTop-KpaH 3-255 Ha nHeBMaTunecKHx IIIHHaX.
Pmc. 2. 3i<CKaßaTop mhofokobiuobuh 3M-301,
AJifl nero yctpaHBaioTcsi cneuHajibiiwe sciaKaAbi, h« Tpeöyroiuiie öojibnm x 3aipaT.
B Tex cjiynaax, Kor^a norpy3Ka HeTBepAßix, HanpH- Mep ncenaiibix, rpyHTOB npo:i3BOAHTCH b OTKpbiTbix Kapbepax Herjiy6oi<oro 3ajieraHHü, npii norpy3i<e me6- Hfl, i paBHfl, necKa h Apyrux cTpoHTejibHbix MaTepna- jiOB, cocpeAOToneHHbix b Kynax hjih uiTaöejiH.x, c ycne- xoM npHMeHHiOTCH OAHOKOBUioBbie norpy3WHKH T-10"
Ha 6a3e ryceH iiraoro TpaKTopa.
MexaHHuecKHH OAHOKOBmoBbift norpy3>iHK T-107 npeacTaBJiiieT coSoß rycemiUHbiH TpaKTop C-80, 060- pyaoBaHHbiH cneuHajibHbiM naßecHbiM n p iicn o co ö jie - HHeM, KOTOpOe COCTOHT H3 paMbl, JieÖeAKH, lOHaTHO- ÖJIOHHOH CHCTeMbl H AByX TeJieCKOnHHeCKHX BblABHJK- iibix pyKOHTeü, 3aKaHqHBaiomnxca öoJibuiHM Meiajm»- necKHM kobuiom rp y3onoAteMHOcTbio 4,5 t.
HanojiHeHHe KOBiua nponcxoAHT Bnepeau TpaKTopa, Bbirpy3Ka M aTepnajia b aBTOMOÖHJib — c3aAH, c no- Moiubio cneunajibHO ycTaHOBJieHiioro jioTKa. Taxoe ycTpoHCTBo HCKjnonaeT 3aTpaTy BpeMeiiH Ha paoBopo- Tbi u MaHeBpupoBaHHe h oöecnenHBaeT Bbicoxyio npo- H3B0AHTeJibH0CTb norpy3HHKa.
B oöbiHHbix ycJiOBHHX SKCnjiyaTauHH, Korna norpy3- HHK T-107 nepeABiiraeTCH c rpy30M He ßojiee neM hs 15—20 M, np0H3B0AHTejibH0CTb ero cocTaBjineT okoji® 100 T/nac. npoH3BOAHTeJibHOCTb norpy3HHKa Moacer ßbiTb yBejiHneHa BAßoe npn HcnoJib30BaHiiH ero hb TpaKTope C-80 coBMecTHO c 6yjibA03epoM f l -157 ajih BbinojiHeHHH n jia m ip oB o m ib ix, BCKpbiuiHbix paöoT, a xaKJKe npn Aoöbme necKa h rpaBHH c norpy3Koü Maie- p u a jia Ha aBTOMOÖHJib.
Ha upHpejibCOBbix CKJiaAax cbinynnx cTpoirrejibHbiæ MaTepuajioB, b necqano-rpaBHHHbix Kapbepax, na ot- B ajiax u ijia x a , nyHKTax nepeßaJiKH y m a h Topcpa, m paöoTax, TpeôyiomHX öbicTpoü otbo3Kh pa3rp,y)KeH- Horo M aTepnajia ot jKejie3Hoaopo>KHbix jih h h h hjih npHuajiOB, umpoKO npHMeHHeTCH caMoxoAHbiü mhoto- KOBuioBbiH norpy3HHK HenpepbiBHoro fleHCTBua T-61A (puc. 3).
2 *
