Avtomobil' : Ežemesâčnyj naučno-tehničeskij žurnal : organ Ministerstva Avtomobil'nogo Transporta RSFSR, 1950.06 nr 6

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noKHAOMerpoBaa ah (]) ep éhah an hh Ta- pHcJ)Hbix craBOK onpaBAbiBaeTCH pasJWHHeM ceSecTOHMOCTH nepeBO30K Ha paa.iue pacctohhhh. AHaAH3Hpyn ce6eeTOHMOCTb nepe- B03KH rpy30B aBTOMoÓHAeM 3HC-150 Ha paccTOHHHH OT 1 AO 100 KM, He TpyAHO yGetAHTbCH b to m, hto Han6oAee pe3xo CefieCTOHMOCTb H3MeHHeTCH Ha paccTOHHHH ot 1 ao 20 k m, ropasAO MeHbine — Ha paccTOHHHH ot 21 «o 50 km H cOBep- UieH'HO He3HaHHTeAbHO— OT 61 AO 100 KM.

B cbh3h c 9thm npeAAOHceHHe npo- AAHTb HOKHAOMeTpOByiO AH<J)epí.HU.HaUH10 TapH())HUX CT3BOK Ha paCCTOHHHñ OT 51 AO 100 KM BPHA AH HeAeCO06pa3HO.

rlp'H HOCTpOCHHH HOBblX TapH^OB Heo6- xoahmo yiw H H T b pa3Mepu TapHijjHux cTa- BOK no paCCTOHHHHM. HHKaK HeAb3H corAacHTbCH c TeM, hto ¡no AeficTB.yiomHM TapHíJsaM nepeB03i<a oahoh tohhm Tpy3a Ha paccTOHHHe 50 km ctoht AOposKe, neM nepeB03Ka to8 >kc to bhu rpy3a na pac- CTOHHHe 51 KM, HAH Ha paCCTOHHHe B 75 km — AoposKe, neM Ha 76 k m.

TapHifmue CTaBKH Ha paccTOHHHe o t

101 ao 300 km CAenyeT pa36HTb Ha ot- AeAbHbie rpynnbi, a He ycraHaBAHBaTb eAHHyio CTaBKy na paccTOHHHe ot 101 wm h Bbioie, KaK 9to CAeAaHo ceñnac.

n p n paapaOoTKe hobux TapH4»B hckaio- HHTeAbHOe (BHHMaHHe AOA5KHO fíblTb yAe- .neHO BonpocaM HCHHCJieHHH TapH ^nux craBOK h nocTpoeHHH h x b crporoM ¡coot- BeTCTBHH c ceCecTOHMOcrbio nepeB030K.

TIomhmo AHfJiepeHHHauHH no paccroH-

¡HHHM, Tapni^Hue CTaBKH ib HacTOHmee BpeMH AH¡4)epeHHHpoBaHu T aK *e b 3abH- chmocth ot KAacca nepeB03HMux rpy30B.

0TO OiSoOHOBUBaeTC'H TeM, l ITO KA3CC rpysa bahhct Ha cTeneHb Hcn0Ab3OBaHHH rpyaonoA'beMHOCTH aBTo-MO-6HAH, a, cAeAO- IBaTeAbHO, H Ha npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTb aBTOMofíHAH h ceóecTOHMocTb nepeB03KH.

¡rípHiHpHnHaAbHo Taxoe nojiowenne npa-

•BHAbHo. OAHaKo, b AeHCTByiomiix Tapn- c|)ax He aa h Bcex KAaccoB rpy3a co6aio- AeHO COOTBeTCTBHe

MCSKAy

CeOeCTOHMOCTbK) nepeB03ox h craBKoñ Tap¡H(}>Ho8 nAaTu.

3to HecooTBeTCTBHe 3aMeTno HanSoAee npKO npn opaBiieHHH ceóecTOHMOCTH h Ta- PH^Hoñ CTaBKH aa h rpy30B V KAacca.

Tax, HanpHMep, ecAH paccHHTUBaTb oe6e- cToHMocTb nepeB03KH rpy30B paaHux KAaccoB na aBxoMoóHAe 3H C -5 npn cpea-

1*

:

í

(5)

h h x ycnoBHHX r o p o A c r a ñ paCoTbi Ha pac- CTOHHHe 10 KM, flpHHHMa^ K03(J)HUHeHT HcnoAb30Ba«HH rpy3onoAT>eMH0CTii aBTO- moChah ana KJiaccoB: I — 0,95, I I — 0,8, I I I — 0,6, IV — 0,4 h V — 0,25, to coot- HomeHHe ceCecTOHMOCTH h TapH^mbix crabok no KJiaccaM rpy3os (ecnn nprann-b I-ft KJiacc aa eAHHHiiy) npeacrrap.HTCH b cA&AyiomeM BHae:

Kaaccbi rpy3a i 11 I I I IV V

CeóecroH- MOCTb TOHHO-

KHAOMeTpa . . 1,00 1,19 1,50 2,38 3,80 TapH(})Hafl

CTÜBK3 . . . . 1,00 1,23 1,67 2,64 7,52

IÍ3 3thx AaHHbix cAeAyeT, ato npn pa3- paCoTKe npoeKTa hobux eAHHHX Tapados Haflo coxpaHHTb AH^epeHmHa'UHio TapH<}>- HblX CT3BOK B 3aBHCHMO'CTH OT KAaCCa nepeso3HMbix rpy30B, «o TapniJiHbie CTaB- KH CJieayeT yTOAHHTb H nOCTpOHTb HX B cooTBeTCTBHH c ceCecToHMOcTbio nepeso- 3 0K, b ocoÓeHuocTH no V raiaccy rpy30B.

PeKOMeHinyfl coxpaHHTb AHiJieP6111!1131! 1110 TapH(J)Hbix CTaBOK no raiaccaM rpyaoB, t. BpoHinTeñH npeaJiaraeT b TaÓnniie wtaccH(j)HKauHñ orpaHHAHTbCH jiirn ib na- HMOHOB3HH6M KAaCCa, He ASBaH KOHKpeT- h h x 3HaneHHa KoaijwuHeHTa ,HCii0Jib3OBa- HH3 rp y3 o n o A ’beM¡HocTH a jih oTne-nbHbix h aiH.M e hob a>HH h rpy30B, eocranbKy 9Ta BejIHAHHa 33IBHCHT OT THHa aBTOMOÓHAH.

ÍIpH 3tom KaHtnoMy raa ccy rpy3a aoajkho cooTBeTCTBOBaTb ra ra e to opeaHee aah naHHoro raiaeca 3HaneHHe raacjiHHHeHTa Hcnojib30BaHHH -rpy3onofl-beMHOCTH, He 3a- BHCHMOe OT MapKH H THina a.BTCMofiHJIH.

/I.JIH UOCTpOeHHH TapH(})HblX CTaBOK Ta- Koe npeaJioKeHHe HBJiaeTCH BnoJiHe npHeMHeMHM. H o n p n stom He wieayeT saOuBaTb, ato TaÓAHixa KaaccHcJiHKauHH rpy30B C KOHKpeTHbIM'H 3Ha'ieHHHMH K03- (pHUHeHTa Honojib30BaHH5i rpy3onoabeM - 'HOCTH aBTOMOfiHJIH Hy)KHa He TOjlbKO JXJin onpeaeaeHHíi Tapnijmbix CTaBOK. T a ra n TafinHua npaKTHqecKH HeoSxoaHMa aah HAaHHpoBaHHH h ynera p a Cotia aBTo- tpaHonopTa. noerpoenHan b 3a3ficHMocTH ot pona rpy30B h rpy3onoA'bCM.HOCTH a-BTo- moOhah (inocKOAbKy oCxeM Ky30Ba HMeex 3HaAeHHe npH onpeAeneHHH arenera «c- noJib30BaHHH rpy3onoflT>eMHOCTH), t36jih- aa npaKTHqecKH HyxcHa h aah pacneTa norpefiHOCTH aBTOTpaHonopuHUx opeacTB.

B npoTHBHOM CAynae, t. e. npn nocrpoe- HHIH !UiaCCH(J)HKaHHH Tpy30B CO cpeAHHMH ana «aHHoro raía cea 3«aneHHHMH Koacfm- HHeHTa HonojibaoBaHHH rpyaonoiH'beMHOCTH BHe 33BHCH MOCTH OT THna aBTOMOÓHAH, KaK 3to npeA A a ra e r t. BpoHuiTeñH, pacneT noTpeCHoro KOAnnecTBa TpaiHcnopTHbix cpeACTB oKaxKeTCH 3aBbiuieHiHbiM ana a®TO- MofiHAefl Manoñ r p y3onoAT>eMHOCTH n aa- HHJKCHHblM AAH aBTOMOÓHjrefl SOAbfflOH rpyaonoA'beMHOCTH.

riosTOM y T a fijiH iiy raiaccHC¡iHKaiin« tn e - AyeT CTpOHTb C KOHKpeTHbIMIl 3'HaAeHHHMH KoaiJiHUHeHTOB Hcno;ib30Ba«Híi rpv3onoA 'b- eMHOCTH aBTOMoCHJieñ AJIH OTAejIbHblX HaHMeHOBa-HiHH rpy30B M B aaBMCHlMOCTH ot ra n a aBTOMofiHJiH. íKoHKpeTHbie m aae- HHH KQ3 (J) HHHCHTOB HCn0Ab30BaHHH rpy3 0 -

nOA'beMHOCTH aBTOMoOHAH AOJIHCHbl 6bITb npn 3T0M M3KCHMaAbHO yTOAHBHbl.

OnjiaqHBaTb nepeBoany rpy30B h h ao, K»K npaBHJIO, B CTpOTOM COOTBeTCTBHH c KOJiHAecTBOM npefl'bHBJieHHoro k riepe- B03Ke rpysa. HcKJHoneHHe ana Mearax napTHñ rpy30B cJieayeT flejiaTb b Tex cjiy- qaax, ra m a TpaHonopTHan opraHH3aHHH npoH3BOAHT yKpynHOHHe OT.ipaBOK nyTeM 3arpy3KH aBTOMOfííUIH iMCJIKHMH napTHHMH rpy30B pa3AHAHoñ raiHeHTypbi. B otom cjiynae Haflo ycTaHOBHTb, ato Mejirae o t- npaBKH BecoM ao 1 t on aa ahba iotch Ka«

3a 0A«y TOBHy aah rpy3os nepooro ra a c - ca, c cooTBeTCTByiomHMiH nonpaBicaMH no KoatjiHUHeHTy aah rpy30B Apyrax KJiaccoB.

TaiKaa nonpaBKa OyneT CTHMyAHpoBaTb rp y 30ornpaBHTeAeñ k yKpynHeHHio ot- npaBOK, a 3H3Aht h k HanCoAee nannoMy H0nOAb30BaiHHK) TpaHCnOpTHMX CpeACTB.

B 33BHCHMOCTH OT HOpMbI BpeMeHH 3a- TpaT Ha norpy30-pa3rpy3OA'Hbie onepanHH Bce rpy3bi b HacTonmee BpeMH paenpe- AeAHioTCH no KaTeropnHM. Taras paenpe- AeAeHHe Heo6xoAHMO coxpaHHTb h b Aaab- iHeñoneM, tbk KaK sto HMeeT BecbMa 6oAb- uioe SHaAeHHe aah hop>mHpoBhhhh h onjia- t h npocToeB, a, cjieAOBaTeAbHO. h aah noBbiuieHHH B^itjieKTH'B'HocTH pafiorbi aBTO- TpaHonopTa.

OAHara AeHCTByiomee pacnpeAeAeHHe rpyaoB no KaTeropHHM «ieAyeT nepecMOT- peTb H yTOAHHTb B COOTBeTCTBHH C Aeñ- CTBHTeAbHblMH HOpMaMH BpeMeHH, (Heo6- xoahmmmh Ha npoH3íBOACTBo norpy30-pa3- rpy30AHHx patíoT. HenoHHTiio, manpHMep, noneMy Tarae paonpeAeJiRHHe rpy30B npeAycMaTpHBaeT HopMy ®peM6HH Ha no- rpyaKy h pa3rpyaicy to ao biiux yóopoB b HiHHKax ana aBTOMoÓHJiH 3 H C -5 48 mhh., a na noirpy3Ky h pa3.rpy3Ky nopowHHX hhíhkob H3 non Tex we roAOBiibix y 6o- POB — 66 IMHH.? ;KOA»AeCTBO HIH.HKOB B 060HX cJiyAanx, KaK npaBHAO, oAHHaraBoe h onpeAeAíieTCH BMecTOMocTbio Ky3osa (a a h roAOBHbix y 6opoB b amnKax koa^h- U.HOHT HCn0Ab30B3HHíI rpy3ono.AbeMH0CTH aBTOMofiHJiH 3H C -5 npeAycMOTpeH 0,65).

M em ay reM no AeficTByiomeMy paenpe- AeAeHHio rpy30B nopowHHe am a ra OTHe- ceHbi k IV KaTeropHH rpy3a, a roAOBHbie y6 o p u b nm»Kax k I I I KaTeropHH.

HeofixoAHMo oco6o paccMOTpeTb Bonpoc o uejiecoo6pa3HOCTH pacnpeAejieHHn rp y - 30B Ha nHTb KaTeropnft, hcxoah H3 nopM aaTpaTH BpeMeHH Ha noirpy3Ky h pa3- rpysicy h yAHTHBan, ato k nepsoft KaTe

ropHH OTHecetio Bcero aba HaHMeHOBaiHHH rpy3a. n p n sthx ycAOBHnx b p w-ah onpaB- AaHa uenecoo6pa3HocTb caMOCTonTeAbnoñ KaTeropHH nAn AByx HaHMenosaHHH rpy30B.

B CBH3H C HOpMaMH .BpeMeHH, VCTaHOB- AeH'HblMH Ha npoCTOft a.BTOM06lIAH, CAe- AyeT paccMOTpeTb Bonpoc h o B3bicKa- HHH IHTpa^lOB 3a npOCTOñ aBTOMOSHAH cBepx ycTaHOBAeHHbix HOpM. BecctiopHO, ato aBToTpa'HcnopTHbie opraHH3aHHH o6h- 33HbI peiHHTeAbHO CopOTbCH CO BCHKHMH 3aAep>KKaMH‘ aBTOMoSHAH caepx yCTaHOB- ACHiHblX HOpM, H C 3TOH TOAIKH 3peHMfl cHCTeMa B3HMa«HH uiTpa$03 3a npocToñ a btotp a h cnopTa CBepx y ct aHOBAeHHoro BpeMeHH 6e3ycAOB.Ho Heo6xoA¡HMa. OAHara pa3Mepbi niTpaíjia aoajkhh 6biTb o6ocho- BaHbi h nocTpoeHbi c TaraM pacAeroM, AToSbi uiTpaij) CTHMyAHpoBaA rpy30BAa- AeAbueB k coKpameHHio npocToeB 3btomo- Shac8. Mo k a y tom AeñcTByioinne pa3Me- p u uiTpa^ia He yaasaau c pasMepaMH

onAaTbi 3a pafíory aBTOMofliiAH no

nona-

coBOMy pacAeTy. TaK, HanpaMep, b cAy- nae npeAocTaBAeHHH kjih«htj,’ aBTOMOÓHAH 3H C -5 B3bicKHBaercn no 19 pyOAeü 3a Aac, BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Toro, BbinOAHH- Aacb hah ne BbinonaHAacb sa btot Aac Ka«an 6bi to hh 6uao paCoTa. Ecah >kc aBTOTpaHionopT b npoiiecce nepeíoarai 6un 3aAep>Ka'H «a njmiHHft Aac CBepx ycTa- HOBACHIIOft HOPMU, TO C KAHeHTa B3U0KSÍ- BaeTCH 27 pyOneñ.

Ha npOHSBOAHTeAbHOCTb aBTOMOOlIAH H cefiecTOHMocTb nepeBO30K 6e3ycA0BH0 BAwaeT h raacc Aopor, no KOTopwM ocy- mecTBAneTCH nepeB03ra. OAHara AH(j)e- peHUHaAHIO Tap:H(j)OB AOnOA'HHTCAbHO no KAaccaM Aopor cnenyer npH3naTb Hepe- AeoooSpasHoft. 3to Bbi30BeT HBAHuiHee ycAOJKHeHHe CHCTeMbi TapnijioBiH b CTAeAb- Hbix cAyAanx ne TOAbra aaTpyaHHT, ho h CACAaeT HeBO3íM0»KHbIiMH paCACTbl C KAHeH- TaMH, Tan KaK kaacc Aopor BanacTyio MenneTCH b npepeAax oaho8 eapra. Ea h- Hbie Tap.H<J)bi aoaachh CbiTb nocTpocHbi no cpeAHOMy KAaccy AoporH 0e3 AHiJiepeH- HHapHH HX no OTAeAbHblM KAaccaM.

npeAycMaTpHBaeMoe AeñcTByioiuH mh Ta- pHlJiaMH OH'HJKeHHe TapH4)'HUX C T aB O K AJIH oTAeAbHux rpy30B iHapo coxpaHHTb, npH- AeM 3T0 CHHHíeHHe OTHIOAb «e AOAHCHO HCXOAHTb H.3 «HAaTejKeCnOCOSHOCTH» I py30B.

CneAyeT, HanpaMep, yAecTb, ato ypeAb- Hbiñ Bec TpancnopTHHX H3Aepa<eK bctpoh- TeAbCTBe oAeHb íBhcok h yAopoHíaH'ie ne- peB030K CTpOHTeAbHblX M3TepHaA0B HeMH- nyeMO Bbi30BeT 3HaAHTeAbHoe no3biineHHe ceOecTOHMocTH exponTeAbHbix MaTepuaAOB.

-KpoMe Toro HeoOxoAHMo yaecTb, ato sth rpy3bi nepeB03HTCH oChaho Ha 3btomo6h- ASIX ÓOAbUIOH rpy30nOA'beM'HOCTH, KOTOpbie np.H eA»Hbix Tapnijiax na nepeeo3KH 6y- AyT HMeTb HanCojiee BMOOKHñ KoaijiH- HHCHT peHT3 ÓeAbHOCTH. HcXOAH H3 STOro HOMeniraiaTypy rpysoB, aah raxopbix « o - ryT 6biTb ycTaHOBAeHu noHHHíeiiiHbie Ta- pH<j)H, MOHíHO Aawe «ecKOAbra paciiiH- .pHTb, npHAeM paaMep okhakh aojiikch

6biTb ycTaHOBACH pacAembiM nyxeM h 3KOHOMH'AeCKH OfiOOHOBaiH.

IIpHOiaBaH, ato TapH(}>Hbie ctabkh a o a- JKHbl 6bITb nOCTpOeHbl BHe 3a.3HCHMt>CTH ot THna noABHJKHoro oocTaBa h onocofia ocymecTBAOHHH nepeB03iKH, t. BpoHUiTeñH BMecTe c TeM peKOMeHAyeT cHHXKCHHe Ta- pn^jHbix craiBOK b Tex CAyAanx, ra í xa nepeBosKH ocyíiiecTBAHioTCH «a a.BTOMoCÍH- a íix c npnnenaMH. 9to HenpaBHJibHO.

B HacTOHinee apcMH npHpenbi b aBTO- xo3HñcTBax HcnoAb3yioTCH aane.io ¡¡eai- CTaTOAHo. MescAy TeM uiHpoKoe npHMe- HeH»e npapenoB o6ecneAi»BaeT 3H3AH- TeAbHoe noBbimeHHe n p oh3boahtcabhocth a'BTOMoOHAbHoro TpanonopTa h cHHKeHHe ceOecTOHMO'CTH nepeB030K. TIo3TOMy Ta- pHíJlbl AOAJKHbl 6bITb HOCTpOeHbl C T3KHM paCAeTOM, ATOi6bI OHH CTHMyAHpOBaAH HcnoAb30BaHHe npHHenoB.

CymecTByiouiyio AH4>ePe5,AHauHio Ta- pinJiHbix CTaBOK no noncaM TaK*e ene- aye r coxpaHHTb, TaK K3K OHa OCHOBaHa Ha noHOHoñ AncJiepeBUHaHHH 3apa6oTnoñ nAaTbi h H3MeHeHHH ueH Ha TOBapbi, ato, b cboio oAepeAb, oSycAOBAHBaeT H3Meíie- iiHe ceÓecTOHmocth nepeB030K.

rlpOeKT HOBblX TapH(¡K)B Ha 3BT0M0- SHAbHbie rpy30iBbie nepeBoara h nipaBHAa hx npHMeHeHHH npeACTaannioT OoAbmoñ HHTepec ana uiHpoKoiro np yra aBTopa- fíOTHHKOB ,H AOAHíeH CbITb nOABepHHyT IUHpOKOMy oftcyJKAeHHK).

4

(6)

3A EÆHHLIE TAP0 $BI HA 0 EPEBO3K0 TPy30B

A BTOTP AHCHOP TOM

H

hok

. H. TH XO M H PO B

npH nOCTOOeiHH’H HOBOH CHCXeMbI XapH-

$0B HeOÖXOÄHMO HCXOAHXb H3 TOTO, HXO OHH ApnMHbi He TOJibKo onpeAenvtxb HOp- Mbi onjiaTU nepeB030K, ho h cxRMynH- pcraaTb npaBH^bHoe, c rocy«apcxBeHHoñ XOHRH 3peHHH, pa3BHTHe aBTOMOÓHJIbHOrO TpaHcnopxa, coBepuieHCXBOBaHHe mctoaob

nepeBO3OHH0ft paßoxu h HcnoJib30saHHH inoÄBHKHoro cocxaBa. <Box noHeiwy Tapw jibi JUWIXCHbl ¡B03fleñCTB0BaTb B OAHHaXOBOH CTeneHH «an Ha aBxoxpaHcnopx, t s k h Ha ero KJiHeHTypy, HanpaBJiHH hx coBMe- CTHyro AesiTejibHocTb Ha npaBHJibHyio opraHH3aujHio h nnaHHipoBa«He nepeBO30R h MexanH3au,Hio norpy30-pa3rpy3O«Hbix paßoT. .

TapH(¡)bi «ojiHt'Hbi oSecneHHBarb aaxo- xpaHonopxy ycxoñHHByio (JmHaHCOByio 6a- 3y ana AajibHeñuiero ero p33bhthh h yCHJieHHH npOH3BOACTBeH'HOH ARHXejIbHO- CTH, noxpbiBaTb see pacxoAU aBTOxpamc- nopTHoro npeanpuHTHH h oßeonennBaxb

ero peHTaóejibHOCTb.

H o pacxoflbi aBTorpaHonop thoxo npeA- npHHTHH AOJiKHbi 6biTb «aHßonec; uene- C 00.6pa'3H bIM « H MHHHMajIb'HbIMH. FLlIáHO- Bbie OGHOBbl OOUHajIHCTHTOCKOrO X03HHCTB3 H 03 B 0 A H I0 T p a p H O H a jlb H O H Cn0JIb3OBa Tb nepeB030HHbie cpencTBa h AocxHrayxb BbicoKoro KanecTBa xpaeonopxH orn o ß c jiy - 2RHB3HHH Tip« CTpOJKaflUieft 3KOHOMHH Ma- T e p a a jib H b ix cpeACTB h o ß m e o T B C H H o ro

rp y s a . OxcioAa caeAyex, hto Tapncjiu AOJIJKHbl HCXOAHTb H3 HaHflblinOAHeHIUerO

«apHaHxa BbinoJiHeHHii nepeBOSKM b k3>k- Aom KOHKpeTHOM cjiynae.

B CBH3H C 3XHM XapHljlbl AOJIKHH 6blTb nocTpoeHbi no npHiHiyiny epHHbix ct3bok Aa h aBTOMoßHjieii JI10608 rpy3onoAT>eMHo- CTH, c AHTpepeH^HauueH no paccxosiHHst'M H B 33BHCHM0CXH OT yCJIOBHH nepeB03HH, on'peareAHiomHx cnocoß ee oprartHsauHH.

3th m h ycjioBHHMH sibjihiotch:

1) poa, yABJibHbift Bec, raßapaxHue pa3Mepbi rpy3a h ero cnen.iuJmHecRHe cBoftcTBa (BO3M0*HocTb yiuiaAKH rpysa B HeCKOJIbKO pHÄOB, npOHHOCXb HJIH Xpytl- KOCXb Tapbl);

,2) KojiHHecTBO rpyaa nptACbHEJisieMoro K oftHOBpeMeHHoö nepeB03Ke h Hanpaonfle- Moro B oähh aapec (Maccoaue, napxuort- Hue, MeaKHe OTnpaBR»);

3) 3axpaxbi BpeMeHH Ha norpy30-pa3- rpy30HHue paßoxu;

4) aopoÄHbie ycjtOBHH, orpaiiHMHBaio- mne npHiMeHeHHe noABHXHoro cocxasa ßojibuioH rpysonoa^eMHocTH h aBxonoe3- A.OB H iBJIHHlOmHe Ha CROpOCXb AB'HJKeHIHH.

HopMajibHbie xapH^bi äoa/Rhm npHMe- HÍITbCH TOJlbKO K naaHOBMM IiepeB03KaiM, npeaycMaTpiHBaeMUM Ha onpea.eJieHHbift nepHOA « cooTBeTCTByKMHH M oßpaaoM O^opMJieHHUM H nOATOTOBJieHHblM. ^TO Ke KacaexcH nepeB030K ßwenaaHOBoro

xapaKTepa, td aas hhx aojukph ßbiTb ycTaiHOBJieH noBbiineHHbiH T’ipHij).

HeoßxoAHMo TaiöKe pa3paßoTaTb cne- nnajibHue TapHipbi Ha nepeBOSKH rpy30B B ocoßbix ycjumHHX, a iHMetmo:

1) HajiMBHbix rpyaoB b aoTOMoßHanx- UHCTepHax;

2) cKopono]>T5im,HXCH r,py30B b one- UHajibHOM noABHKHOM cocTase;

3) TsiKejioBecHbix, aaJtHHOMepubix, rpo- M03AKHX « HeraßapHTHbix xpyaoB;

4) c HacTHU'HOH oTrpy3Koü IHJIH Aorpy3- Kofi b n y ra cjieaoBaHHH (na cßopHo-pa3- BO30HHbix M apm pyiax).

HpuMeHeHHe TapHi|)ei, nocTpoeHHbix Ha noBpeMeHHoft a noKHjioMeT.poBoii onaaTe, caeAyeT orpaHHHHTb.

H a n npe/tocTaBneHHsi a btot{) aHcmopTy UMpOKHX B03MOKHOCTeft MapTITpyTH3ailiHH nepeBOBOK c ncnoab30BaHiteM Hanßoaee neaecooßpa3Horo noABHKHoro cocTasa, HopMaabHbiH TapHi}) AOÆsceii npHMeHHTbcn npH ycnoBHH Bbinaq« in npneMa xpy3o- BaaaevibireM rpy30B b aioßoe BpeMsi cy- xoK. B c a y ia a x orpamweHHa s ro ro ycjio- BHH xap«t¿ AoaJKen noBumaxbca.

TaKOBbi, no nauieMy MHeHHio, ochob- Hbie noaoKeHHH, Koxopwe raeayex ynecxb npH nocxpoeHHH hoboh oHcxeMbi xapniJioB Ha nepeB03KH rpy30B aBXOMoßHabHbiM xpaMonopxoM.

HEKOTOPŁIE 3AMElIA IIH jl 0 I1OCTPOEH0H ABTOMOß0 J1LHL1X TA PIPI» OB

MHOKenep-aKOHOMUCT C. I1A H U IH H A

riepecMoxp cywecxByromeft xaputjiHOH cHcxeMu «a rpyaoBbie aBXOMoßHJibHbie nepeBOBKH c ueabio npHßaHKeHtiH ee k Tapnt})HbiM cHcxeMa-M xpyrHx bhaob xpaHonopxa oßAemaeT pemeime 3aAa«H iKOOpjTHHHpOBaHlHOH pa'ßoxu Bcex bhäob xpanonopxa c paixnoHajibHbiM ncnojib3o- BaHHeM KaKAOXO H3 HHX B COOXBeXCXBHH c ero SKcnJioaxaHHOHHo-BKonoMHHecKM mh OCOßeHHOCXfIMH.

n PH pa3paßoxKe eAHHOÖ chcxpmu xa- pH(J)OB uieayex npHHUinnHajibHo pemnxb Bonpoc, B K3K0H Mepe OHH Moryx ßbiTb paonpocxpaHeHbi Ha aßxoMoßHJibHbiH xpanc- nopx BeflOMCXBemioro noAHHHeHHn. Hau sxoro, B03MOKHO, npMAexcH paaßHXb sxh xo3hhcxü:i no «oAHHecxBy aBXOMOÖHjieH b hhx, xapaKxepy nepeB03OK h o6x>eMy nepeB03o«Hoñ paßoxbi, onpeneAHB xox Kpyr aaxoxo3H0cxB, KoxopuH ß yaex nojib- BOBaTbCH eAHHHMH T3pH(J)aM«. OhCBHUHO

h b flajibHefiineM 3HaHHxejibHaa nacxb Be- AOMCXBeHHoro xpaucnopxa ßyflex nonpeK- neMy paßoTaxb He no xapH$aM, a no ce- ßeCXOHMOCXH.

rioMHMo njiaxbi 3a nepeBoaxy, b cxpo- rOM COOXBeXCXBHH C KOJIHHeCXBOM iipeABHB- jieHiioro K nepeB03Ke rpy3a, «eoßxoAHMO npenycMoxpexb noomipeHHH 3a ynpyiiHe- HHe MejiKHX napxHH rpy3a, ocoßeiiHo npn xpanxoBOH paßoxe.

OnpemejieHHe xapmjiHbix cxaiBOK Ha «<e- Jie3HOAOpOJKHOM H BOAHOM xpaHCHOple npOHBBOAHXCH XU1H KaKAOTO TPy3a B ox- AeJibHocxH. TapHcJmbie cxaoRH Ha aBxo-

•MoßHAbHOM xpaHonopxe ycxaHOBAOHU no KAaocaM rpy30B, a He no oxACAbHbiM hx HaHMeHOBaHHHM. IIocKOAbKy Hameñ 3a- Aaneft hbahcxch MaKCHMajibHoe c 6 jm *e - Hne xapnipOB Ha pa3AH«Hbix BHAax xpaac- nopxa, uejiecoo6pa3HO pa3peniHXb Bonpoc o nocxpoeHHH xa p Hip ob ua aBTOMoßiub-

Hbie nepeB03KH no oxAeJibHUM naHMeHO- B3HHHM H eAHHOH KAaCCH4>HKaH,Hll r Py30B.

npH paspaßoxKe hoboh cncxeMbi xap«- (|)ob cjieAyex Bbipaßoxaxb ßonee onpeAe- neHHbie no3HHHH b oxHoineHHH nppeB03HH rpy3HHKOB. ECJIH HeAb3H nOAHOCTblO ox- Ka3axbCH ox hx nepeB03KH, xo cneAyeT sto Aejiaxb b HCKiiioHHxeAbHbix cjiynaHX, cornacHo xpoßosanHio doiHeiixa, oxMene«- HOMy b 3a»BKe, h B3«Maxb nnaxy 3a nepe®03Ky rpysHHKOB no cneuHa.ibHOH xaKce. HyjKHO cxpeMHXbca k xoMy, nxoßbi norpy30-pa3rpy30HHbie tohrh, homhmo uiHpoRo bboiahmoh MexaHH33HHH norpy30- pa3npy30«Hbix onepaunft, hmcmih Ha cbohx mocxax ßpnraAbi 3aKpenJien;Hbix xpy3- HHROB.

HopMbi BpeMeHH npocxoH noA norpy3- R0H-pa3rpy3Roñ mojkho 3HarTHxejibno ynpo- cxHXb, yMeHbuiHB «Heno RaxeropHft, M ycxaHOBHXb BpeMa Ha 1 x rp y 3 a .

2 AwTOMOdBJn». >fc B

&

(7)

HCCJIE^OBAHHE CPEjlHEÍI TEXHHBECKOfl CKOPOCTH ABIIHiEHHfl ABTOMOEHJM

K a n d . r e x n . n a y a R . B E J I M K A H O B

CfCOpOCTb ABHJKeHHH HBJIHeTCH OflBHM m ocHOBHbix «aneci® aBTOMoCHjiH, onpe- üeflfllOlUHX B03M0HCH0CTb npOH3BOflHTe^b- hoPo ero «cnojib30BaiHH3. HeM BHUie cpe^HHH TeXHHBeCKafl CKOpOCTb aBTOMO- 6hjih, TeM Bbirne ero npoHaBOAHTanbHOCTb h HHłKe cefiecTOHMOCTb nepeB030K.

Bojibinoe TeopeTH^ecKoe h n p a kthhookoe 3naneHHe MMeeT eo3MO*HOCTb pacneTHO- ro onpeAeJieHHa cpeaneH TexriHHecKOH CKopocTH aBToMoGH^iH B onpe/iejieHHbix yCJIOBHHX ABHJKeHHH, fl 3aBHOHMOCTH OT ero KOHCTpyKTMBHblX CBOHCT3 H BCBX IipO- HHX (JiaKTOpOB, OT «OTOpUX 3aBHCHT CIKO- pOCTb HBHJKeHHH.

TTpoBeAeHHwe aKaaeMHKOM E. A. Hyaa- KOBblM OÓmeH3BeCTHble HCCJieftOBaHHH TH- POBblX CBOHCTB ,aiBTOMo6HJIH, HBJIHlOmHeeH OCHOBOH TeopHH aBTOMOftHJIH, nO3B0JIHI0T c «eqepnbiBaioineñ nojmoTofi oneHHBaTb TsroBbie KaTOCTBa aBTOMoOHjia h onpeae- jiHTb npeAeflbHue CKopocTH ero aBHxceHHH.

OflHaKo coBpeMeHHaa Teopna aBTOMo- 6hjih He <1103bojisieT onpemejiaTb nyreM paeaeTa cpeaHioio TexHHnecKyio cxopocTb AB«x<eBHa aBTOMoÓHjia.

Ha pac. 1 H3o6pa>KeHa TaroBaa xapan- TepHCTHKa (¡rapaMaa nepeAaqa) 3btomo6h- Jia TA3-51, Ha KOTOpOM inpOH3BO,HHJIHCb onncuBaeMbie HHx<e HcnbiTanHa. 9Ta xa- paKTepHCTHKa no3BoaaeT: onpeAeaaTb Maa- CHMajIbHyiO CKOpOiCTb ABHJK6HHH aBTOMofiH- na (6e3 peryjiaTopa oóopotob ABHraTejia) Ha TopH3oHTaabHbix yaacncax aopora no TOHKe nepeceaeHHa «phboh iHWHaMHnecKo-

Phc. 1. TaroB aa xapaKrepHCTHKa aBTO- moÓhjih EA3-51 nocne np o ó e ra 35000 km n p n HBHHceHHH na npaMoft nepenane c noaHbiM rpy30M (2,5 t) na a o p o re c ac-

(JiaabTOBHM noKpuTHeM (f = 0,02).

rip H nocTpoeHHH npHHHTbi: MexaHHne- CKHń k. n. a. TpancMHccHH — 0,92; pa- a n y c KaneHHH Koaec — 0,42 m; Bec aB- tomoóhhh = 5400 K r; K03(}>HHHeHT c on po - THBaeHHa B03«yxa = 0,065; aoSoBaa

naoma^b aBTOMoGmia— 3,64 m3.

ro $ai<Topa c nHHHeft conpoTHBneHHH Ka- aeHHIO Hi OHeHHiBaTb npefleJIbHbie CKOpOCTH npH B03MOJKHOM B03paiCTaHHM COnpOTHB- jieHHa HBHHieuMio (ripeoAOjieHHe noAT>e- MOB) no BHCOTe ODHHHaT, 3aMIOHeHHbIX M e*Hy .KpHBbiMH, t. e. no BeaHHHiie sana

ca HHHaM.HHeoKoro <})aKTopa.

TaroBaa xapaKTepncTHKa no3BOJiaeT yCTaHOBHTb, HTO HJBHJKeHHe aBTOMOÓHJia Ha nopore c anpeflejieHHbiM conpoTHBjie- hhcm KanennK) MO>neT 'nponcxoAHTb npn pa3HbIX OKOPOCTHX IH pa3HOM HCnOJIb30- caHHn n»HaMHneoKoro cpaKTopa b OTaejib- Hbie nepnoabi aBHnreHHa. Oanano, 4>aK™ - necnaa onopocTb SyaeT onpeaejiaTbca a6c- u,Hoooñ tohkh, «axoflam eñca b npeaejiax nnomaan, 3aiKaroneH'HOH Meway kphboh anhamnneoKon xapaKTepncthkh -h anHaeft conpoTHBJieHHa KaneHHio asTOMoSnaa Ha aaHHon aopore. Ilp n otom ne ynHTbiiBajOT- ca cjiynan yseaHneHHa CKopocTH npn B03- mowhom aBHnreHHH noa. yioioH ii He pac- CMaTpHBaeTca asHaceane Ha npowexyTon- Hbix nepeaanax.

TaroBbiM pacneTOM mojkho ycTaHaBjm- BaTb TOjibKO naeaabHyio cpea.Hioio TexnH- necnyio onopocTb aBHweHHa c nocToaHHbiM Honoab3oBaHH6M onpeaeaenHoro 3anaea thhh (aMHaiMHnecKoro (J)aKTopa), t. e. >npH hoctohhhoiM onpeaeJieHHOM otkphtmh apoc- oeabHoft sacjioHKH napSiopaTopa.

B peanbHbix ycjioBHax aBHweHne aaTo- MoSnaa npoHcxoaHT oObinno npn nacTHn- HUX oTKpbJTHax apocceaa Hjm HenoaHoft noaane aH3ejibHoro TonaMsa, nacTbix H3- MeHeHiiax peníHMa aBH*eHłia — 3aiMeaae- íinax, to p m o >k en na x , pasronax, KOTopue He MoryT CbiTb yaTeHbi TaroBbiiM pacneTOM abtomo6hjih. riosTOMy, nyTeM HccjieaoBa- hhh TaroBux cbohctb aBTOMofinaa Meab

an yCTaMOBHTb 3aBHOHMOCTb CpeaHHX TeXHH'ieOKHX OKOpOCTeñ aBHKeHHH OT sce- ro KOMnaeKca (paKTopoB, KOTopue onpe- aeaaiOT hx seaiunnHy b 3-KcnaoaTaiiHH.

Zlaa ycTaHOBaeBHa 3aBHCHM0CTH cpea- Heñ TeX'HHnecKoñ CKopocTH ot Bcex onpe- aeaaioinHx ee (JjaKTopoB, HeoCxoaHMo nc- caeaoBaTb hx BanaBne Ha BeaHHHHy cko- POCTH aBH*eHHH.

CpeaHaa TexHHneoKaa cnopocTb aBHwe- HHH aBTOMOÓHaH B OÓbIHHblX ycaoBHHX oKcnaoaTauHM 3aiB'HCHT ot:

a) KOMcnpyKTHBHbix iiapaMeTpoa aBTo- Moónaa, onpeaeaaiomHx ero TnroByio xa- paiKTepncTHKy, t. e. ot BneuiHeñ xapaKTe- Phcthkh aBMraTeaa, nepeaaTonHbix otho- meHHH b TpaHCMHccHH, paaHyca KaneHHH Koaec, BHeUIH€H (j)OpM bI (K03(|)lIHHeHT co- npoTHBaeHHH B03ayxa) h Beca a btomo - finaa;

6) KOHCTpyKTHBHblX ocoSeH H O cTeñ XOHO- Bofl nacTH aBTOMoÓHaa — MarKoc™ nofl- BecKH, y cT p o ficT B a p y a e B o r o M e x a H H 3 M a h TOp M 0 3 HbIX M e X aH H 3MOB, yCTOÜHHBOCTH aB - tomoChhh Ha flopore h npoxoaHMocTH b Tpyanbix HoponoHbix ycaoBHax;

b) BeaHHHHbi noae3Hofl HarpysKH;

r) xana, npoAoabHoro npo(j)HaH n naa-

Phc. 2. C peA iine -rexHHqecKHe CKopocTH*

ABHłKeHHa 3BTOMOÓHHH FA3-51 B 33BH- chmocth ot AOpoacHbix ycaoBHH, noaes- h o íí Harpy3KH h BpeMenn c yro n (to p o

ra cyxaa).

Ha aopora, a T a o te coctohhhh flopoa<- HOro nOKpblTHH1;

n) HHTeaCHBHOCTM HOIiyTHOrO H BCTpen- Horo ABH>KeHHfl Ha aopore

e) nacTOTbi h npoAoJiHcHTejibHocTH ocTa- hobük b nyra y CBeTocjjopoB, n<ejie3HOAo- po?KHbix nepee3AOB h iperyjiHpyioiijiHx abh

>KeHHe nyHKTOB1 2;

w ) iieftcTByioiHnx Ha aopore crpaHHne- H'Híi npeaejibHbix cKopocTeñ «BHiKeHHH no coo6pa*eHHHM 6e3onacHocra ';

3) ^HenocTOHHHo AeHCTByfoinHx ortpaHH-

‘ie'HHH BHAMMOCTH Ha AOpore, C3H3aHHbIX c MeTeopojiorHnecKHMH ycjioBHaMH (Ty- MaH, cHer, a o *A b ) h 3aBHcamHx ot ocbc- menHocTH Aopora (ecTecTBeHuoñ h mckyc- CTBeHHoft);

h) MeToaoB BOHiaeiiHa aBT»Mo6HJia (paBHOMepHoe ABHweHHe, pa3roti-.HaKaT);

k) HMAHBHAyajIbHblX OCOÓeHHOCieñ UIO-

^)e p a (OHblTHOCTH, yTOMJieHHOCTH n a p . ) ; ji) TeX'HHnecKoro coctohhhh bbtomoGh- hh (T0pMO30B, •pyaeBoro MexaHH3Ma, cnr- HajiH3aitHH, ooBeuieHHH h np.).

1 Cm. CTaTbH aBTopa b cSopHMKax r p y - aoB H H H H A T «B onpocu aaTOMoCHJibHo- ro iipaHonopTa». H3a. MHHHCTepc.TBa k o m- MyHajibHoro xo3aftcTBa

PC<t>CP 1945

h

1947

rr.

2 B OKcnjioaTanHOHHbix pacneTax Bpe- MH OCTaMOBOK lie pea CBeTO(J)OpaMH BKJ1IO- naeTca b o6mee apeMa ABHJKeHHa.

6

(8)

Phc. 3. CpeflHHe TexiiH<iecKHe ckopocth

«BHHteHHH aBTOMOÓH JIH FA3-51 B 33BH- CHMOCTH OT AOpOiKHbIX yCJIOBHH, nojie3- Hoft Harpy3KH h BpeMen« cyTOK («opo

ra MOKpan ot «o k«h).

MccJieaoBaHHe 3aBHCHM0CTH cpe«Heft TexMHaecKOH ckopocth aBTOMofiHJia ot ne- pea«cJieHHbix 4>a.KT0p0B HBJineTCH 3a«aqeii TeopHH 3KcnjioaTau,HH aBTOMoCHJia. H 3 yie - HHe- 9thx saBHCHMocTen noaBOJTHT o6eone-

■jHB-aTb HanCkwiee bucokh€ TeximaeoKHe ckopocth «BHłKeHHH npH nepeB03Kax rpy- 30B h nacca>KHpoB Ka« nyTeM npaBHJibHO- ro BbiSopa KOHcrpyKTHiBHbix napaMeTpoB aBTOMofejieft h TexBHaecKHx xapaKTepH- cthk «opor, Tax h nyT6M pauHOHaabHofl opraHH3aiiHH mepeB030K.

H3yaeHHe oejiHBHHw cpe«irax TexHHae- OKHX CKOpOCTeft «BHJKeHHH aBTOMOĆHJieH TpefiyeT npoBe«eHHH Ckwibmoft aKcnepa- MeHTaabHofl pafioTbi Ha aBTOMo6iuiHX pa3- HbIX THinOB H B pa3JIHHHbIX XapaKT6pHbIX yejioBHM «©HH<eHHH. (Taiiroe nccjie«OBa- HHe b tkwihom oSbeMe nona eme He npo- BeaeHo. OanaKo yw e HMeiomnecH pe3yjib- TaTU H3yH6HHSI Cpe«HHX TeXHHH€CKHX CKO- poCTeft B HCKOTOpbK yCJIO0HHX «BHJKeHHH nipe«cTaiBJiHK)T TeopeTHneoKHH h « p a K w ie - CKHft HHTepee «JIH paÓOTHHKOB aBTOTpaHC- nopTa.

B 1948 :r. b H H H H A T e , ,npH HsyieHHH Kcnao a Ta u,HOHHbix «anecTB hobhx m o jk- Jieii aBTOMofiHJiefi, no« pyiKOBoacTBoM aB- Topa 6biao npoBeaeuo Hccjie«OBaHne bc- JIHHHHbl 'CpeflHeft TeXHHqeCKOii CKttpOCTH

«BHHceHHH aBTOMo6HJieii TA3-51 a pa3Hbix AOpOHCHHX yCJIOBHHX IB 33BHCHMOCTH OT:

noae3Hoft HarpyaKH, BpeMeHH cyTOK, co ctohhhh «opora h xapaKTepa nepeB030K.

Hccjie«OBaHHe npoBO«HJiocb nyTeM o h u t- h h x 3ae3«0B 1 Ha aBTOMofiHae fA 3 - 5 1 . 1

1 SKCnepHMeHTaTOpaMH HBJIHJlHCb HH*e- nepbi E. H. Mhjiob3Hob h I \ H. Kjtmh- KOBIHTeflH.

JX«h npoBe«efina HoribiTaHiiH b ycjioBHax 3aropo«Horo «BiOKeHHa Óbi jth BbiSpaflbi Tpn xapaKTepHbix yiaeTKa «opor:

a) aBTOMoÓHJibHaa «opora c acijiajibTO- BblM .HOKpblTHeM B MCinipaBHOM COCTOH- hhh;

6) «opora c óyjibOKHbiM noKpbiTHeM h HeCoHbuiHMH ynacTKaMH meSeHOHiioro no- KpblTHH B y«OBJieTBOpHTe«bHOM COCTOH- hhh;

b) rpyHTOBaa HenpocjiHjiHpOBaHHaH «0- pora b HenpaBHOM coctohhhh.

ABTOMOÓHJIb <5bIJI o 6opy«OBaH aBTOM€T*

poM, c noMombio «oToporo npir KaaraoM 3ae3«e npoH3Bo«HJiacb 3anncb speMPHH

«B-HJKeHHa, epoH«eHHoro n y ra h ckopocth. CKOpOCTb «BHHteHHa, KpoMe Toro, KOH- TpoaHpoBaaaeb no ceKyH«oMepy h Ha Kaa<«oM 3ae3«e npoH3B0flHJica tohhhh yaeT pacxo«a 6eH3HHa npH noMomH Mep- Horo 6aa>Ka c BaayyMHbiM 3ainojiHeHH€M.

/(« a toto HToCbi yaecTb CTeneHb b«hh- hhh HH«®BH«yajibHbix «aaecTB moijiepa na BeaBHHHy cpe«Heft TexHHaecKoii CKopo- CTH «BHJKeHHH 3aM©pu OKOpOCTH npOBO-

«H«Hcb npn ynpaBJieHHH aBToMo6mieM TpeMH inotjiepaMH ipa3JiHqHoft KBaamfiHKa- u.HH, npHaeM Ka*«biH H3 hhx «e«aa no uiecTH 3ae3«0B (no TpH b o6ohx Hanpas-

«eH»ax). B pe3y«bTaTe 6biao ycTaHOBae- HO, HTO OTKJIOHeHHH OT Cpe«HlHX 3HaHeHHft CKopocTefi npa ynpaBaeHHH aBTOMo6H«©M pa3HbIMH IHOljiepaMH COCTaBJIHIOT: Ha «o- pore c accj>a«bTOBbiM inoKpbiTHeM + 8 %, Ha «oporę c 6y«bi>KHbiM noKpairaeM + 6%

h Ha rpyHTOBofi «oporę + 3 % . TaaHM 0 6 - pa30M Ha «oporax, r«e «BHłKeHae Moa<eT npOHCXO«HTb C ÓOJiee BbieOKHMH CKopo- CTBMH, HIH«HBH«ya«bHbie OCOÓelfHOCTH UIO- (JiepoB CKa3biBai0Tca b '6o«bineH CTeneHH, aeM na rpyHTOBbix «oporax, r«e CKopo- CTH OrpaHHHHBaiOTCH COCTOHHHeM nyTH.

PesyjibTaTbi npofie«eHHbix HciibiTaHHft npeacTaBJieHbi Ha pHc. 2 h 3. floayaeH-

tfbie «aHHbie flOKa'3bisaiOT, hto cpe«»ne TexHHaecKHe OKopocTH «BHHceHHa Ha «opo

rę C fiyabllJKHblM HOKpblTHeM 6bIJIH HHHCe, aeM Ha «oporę c ac^aJibTOBbi-M noKpbi- thcm Ha 32%, a Ha rpyHTOBoft «oporę — na 55%. 3th cooraomeuHa cpe«HHx cko- pocTeft «BH*eHHH «a ynacTKax «opor pa3- HOrO THna 0Ka3a«HCb nOCTOHHHUMH «Jlfl pa3«HHHoro BpeMeHH oyTOK («eHb hjih HOHb), cTeneHH narpy3KH aBTOMofiHJia h COCTOHHHH «OpOHiHOrO HOKpblTHH (MOKpoe hjih cyxoe ).

CpeaHHe TexHHHecKHe ckopocth «BHKe- hhh aBTOMoÓHJieft c no«Hoft Harpy3Koii 6bum, npH Bcex npoHHx paBHbix ycjio- BHHX, Ha 10— 16% HHKe, HeM npH «BH- a<eHHH aBTOMoOnjiH 6e3 rpy3a; na rpyH- toboh «oporę 3Ta pa3HHiia yMeubiuaaacb

«o 4— 9% .

Ha MOKpoft aci}>ajibTOBOH «oporę ckopo cth «BJOKeHHH 'ÓbIJIH Ha 8— 9% HHJKe, hcm Ha cyxoft «oporę. Ha SyjibiacHoft «o- pore rapu eyxo.M m iMowpoM ee coctohhhh He 6bIJIO pa3HHUbI B CKOPOCTH «BHJK6HHH, a Ha npyHTOBoii «oporę OHa cocTaBH- Jia 9% .

Ckopocth «BH»;eHiiH b HonHoe BpeMii Ha Bcex Tpex BH«ax «o po r oKaaajiHCb bo Bcex c.'iyHaax HHace, hcm b ««eBKoe Bpe- mh b cpe«HeM «a 5— 9% , hbcmotph Ha BnojiHe xopouiyio ocBemeHhoctb «oporn, oOecneHHBaeMyio CHjibHbiM cbctom tjiap aBTOMoSHJIH rA3-51.

npn

«BHweHH» «a uiocceftHbix «oporax h ocoóeHHo Ha aBTOMarHCTpa jihx TexHHHe- CKHe CKOpOCTH 33BHCHT B OCHOBHOM OT

«HHaMHHeCKHX KaneCTB aBTOM0 6HJIH.

no-

3T0My nojiyneHHbie npH HcnuTaHHi>x cpe«- HHe TeXHHHeCKHe CKOpOCTH «B^«eHHfl mojkho conocraBHTb c pacneTHbiMH BejiH- HHH3MH CKOpOCTeft, Iipe«ejlbHO B03MO*HbIX no THrOBblM CBOHCTB3M «aHHOTO 3BT0M0- 6 m a npn «BHxeHHH Ha «oporax c kob^ih- UHeHTaMH COnpOTHBJleHHH KaHeHHK), COOT- BeTCTByiOIIIHMH TeM, Ha KOTOpbIX npOBO-

«HJIHCb HCnblTaHHH (c m. Tafijl. 1).

T a C jih u, a 1 ConocTftBJieHHe *|iai;t h'km'i:iix h pacneTHW x cKopoCTeii « lu ia ie iiH a

aBTO M ofiiiaji F A 3-51

Tan noKpbiTHH «opora

K03(J)HUHeHT

TexHH'iecKaH CKOpOCTb, KM/nac

v a KaneHHH, f 4)aKTHMe-

CKan, v a

pacneTHafl, VMaKC

v MaKC

Ac<|)aabTOBoe... . 0,020 4 3 -5 6 70 0 ,6 0 - 0 ,8 0 BynbDKHoe... 0,025 3 0 -3 7 6 8 -7 0 0 ,4 2 - 0 ,5 3 rpyHTOBan «opora ...

•

0,030 2 0 -3 0 6 7 -7 0 0 ,3 0 - 0 ,3 3

H3 npHBeaeHHoft TaSanubi bh«ho, hto (JiaKTHHeCKHe CKOPOCTH «BH*eHHH 3BTOMO- 6h«h rA3-51 «a «oporax c xopouiHM aCijiajIbTOBblM HOKpblTHeM IiaX0«KJLHCb B npe«e«ax 60—80% ot MaKCHMajibHoft, Ha « o p o ra x c '6yjibi*HUM noKpbiTHeM — b npe«e«ax 42—53% h Ha rpyHTOBbix «o- porax — b npe«ejiax 30—33%. Ko«e6a- hhh OKOpocTefi b yKa3a»Hbix npe«ejiax 3aBHcejiH ot HarpyaKH aBTOMoCHjia, «HeB- Horo HJIH HOHHOrO BpeMeHH -T3HHieHHH, MOKporo hjih cyxoro coctohhhh «opora.

H aw C ojiee TOHHbift yaer cpe«H iix tcxhh-

necKHx CKopoCTeii «bhjkchhh aBTOMo6HJieft c' hcKjnoneHHeM BpeMeHH Bcex (n a x e ca- m u x iKpaTKOBpeMeHHbix) ocTanoBOK, ocy- meCTBJIHJICH B «3JIbHHX HOnbITaTejIbHbIX npo6erax. B Ta6ji. 2 npiHBeaeHbi cpe«iHHe TeXHHLieCKHe CKOPOCTH «BHJKeHHH aBTOMO- fiHJieft B pa3HUX «OpOWHUX yCJI0 3HHX no Ha6jiio«eHHHM, npoBe«eHHbiM b «ajibHHx npo6erax: KapanyMCKOM (1933 r .), »cnbi- TaTejibHOM iuhhhom (1936 r.) h npoSe- ra x rocy«apcTBeHHbix HcnuTaHnS a®TO- MofiHJieii TA3-51 (1946 r.), M-20. «IIo6e-

«a» (1948 r.) h «Mockbhh> (1949 r .) .

2 *

7

(9)

T a 6 a a n a 2

Cpe^Hiie T c x H u ie c K a e CKopoeTii ¡iBTOMofiHJieñ p a s H L ix jia p o K , KM/qac

flopoiKH ue ycaoBHH

T A 3 -A A

h 3MC-5 (moab—o k-

THÓpb 1933 r.;

CeHTHÓpb — HOflCpb 1936 r.)

T A3-51 (oKTaOpb—

Hoaópb 1946 r.)

M-20 .n o ó e a a “ (HoaOpb—

aeaaOpb 1948 r.)

„ Mockbhm"

(anpeab—

Maft 1949 r.)

Xtoporn c ycoBepmeHCTBO- BaiiHbiM noKpuTHeM (ac- aabT, KaHHKep) b xopomeM

C0CT03HHH ... 3 8 -4 2 4 0 -5 5 5 4 -6 7 5 2 -5 4 /lo p o rn c óyauKHbiM, uie-

ÓeHOMHblM HJIH ryapOHHpo- BaiiHUM noKpuTHeM epea-

Hero KaqecTBa ... 2 3 -3 0 3 1 -3 8 3 7 -4 6 3 1 -3 7 TpyHTOBue aoporH cyxne,

p O B H u e ...' . . 2 8 -4 0 36 4 1 -5 2 2 9 -3 6 fpyHTOBbie a o p o rn n pa3-

MOKmeM COCTO51HHH, necna-

Hue aoporH, 6e3aoponcbe . 5 - 1 2 23 Z loporn C XOpomHM K3MeHHbIM

H3H ac4>ajIbTOBbIM nOKpbl-

THeM no ropuoM y pejibecjiy . 1 6 -2 7 27 2 8 -3 7 26—32

B Tafia,nue npHBeaeHbi ckopocth no yaa- CTK3M ilo p o r flOCTaTOTOO fioablIIOTO npo- Ta*eHHH — 200—600 km — c wpHMepwo oAHopoaHUM cocTOHHHeM a o p o x n o ro no- jcpuraa, rae ckopocth aBHweHHH He orpa- HHHHBaaHCb K 3K H-M H - JI H6o HCXapaKTepHIiI- mh opraHH3aitHOBHbi'MH, MeTeopoaorHMe- CKHMH HJIH apyrHMH npHMHHaMH.

Ecjih cpaBHHTb npHBeaeHHbie b rafia im e cpeaHHe TexHHnecKHe ckopocth c Mancii- MaabHO bo3mo* h u m¡h p jia ¡aBTowofiHnefi Kawfloñ MapKH b aaHHbix ycaoBHax, mo* - ho, TaK a<e Ka'K ¡fiuao caenaHo Bbirne, ycTaHOBHTb, mto «a KaamoM «3 xapax- xepHbix BHaoB aopor ckopocth oTaHHaiox- ca ot MaKCMMajibHbix Ha orapeaeaeHHyio BejlHHHHy.

Tax, Ha aoporax c xopom»M ycoBep- UleHCTBOBaHHblM aC(J)aabTOBbIM HAH KHHH- KepHbiM noKphiTHeM cpeaHHe TexHHMecKHe CKOPOCTH COCTaBJIfllOT 50—70% OT MaKCH- MaabHoñ; Ha aoporax c fiyau>KHUM, me- óeHOHHbiM, ¡rpa¡BHñHbiM hhh ryapoHHpoBaH- HbiM noKpbiTHeM cpeanero KanecTBa — 35—55% ox MaKCHMajibHon; Ha xopouiHX poBHbix rpyHToBbix aoporax— 33—50«/» ot ma¡KCHMajibHoh ; na aoporax c ropHHM npoijjHaeM—25—40% ot Ma¡KciiwaabHofí II, H3KOHCU, B yCJIOBHHX 6e3aOpOJKbH, pa¡3- mokihhx rpyHTOBbix aopor, xpyaHonpoxo- ah m m x necqaHux aopor h ap. — ao 20—

30% ot ¡MaKcii'MaJibHOH. yKa3a.HHue co- OTHOUieHHH CpeaHHX H MaKCHMaabHO B0 3- mojkhux CKopocTeft coBnaaaioT c cootho- meHHHMH CKopocTeñ, noJiyqeHHbiMH npn oiTHcaHHbix Bbime HcnuTaHuax Ha oahom a BTOMoCiiJie na KopoTKHX yaacncax, mto

aonojiHHTeabHo noaTiBepacaaeT hx 3aKOHO- MepHOCTb.

B

ycjioBHax r. Mockbu cnennaabHoe HccaeaoiBaHHe cpeanefi xexHhqeoKOH cko pocth aBHxeHHa aBTOMOfiHna T A 3 -5 I 6u - jio ripoaeaeHo Ha MeTbipex pa3aHMHbix MapmpyTax:

1. CaaoBoe Koabuo (yqacTOK ox KpbiM- CKoro MocTa ao OpnwKOBa nep.) — 27 CBexoijiopo'B.

2. JleHHHrpaacKoe mocee ío t BpecTCKoñ ya. ao ¡pa3BHAKH BoaoKoaaMCKoro moc

ee)— 16 iCBeTO<)>opaB.

3. HaSepexíHbie pena Mockbu — 10 cBe- TO())OpOB.

4. y a a n u c fiyauam biM noRpuraeM — 6e3 CBexo$opoB.

Ha nepBbix xpex MapmpyTax aoporH Obia» c ac<})aabTo6eTOHHbiM noKpuTHeM B xopomeM coctohhhh. ABTOMofiHnb ¡npn ihc- nuTaHHH «HBHraHCH ¡b ofimeM noTOKe TpaHcnopTa, cooTBexcTBeHHo ero pHTMy, h HMeji jiojiHyio Harpy3'Ky.

Ha pac. 4 a a n u ¡pe3yabTaTbi sthx hc- nuTaHHñ. KpHBbie noKa3bi¡BaioT aficoaioT- Hue 3HaneHiiH cpeaHHx TexHHHecKHx cko- pocTeñ aBHKeHHa, a Tanate pacxoaoB fieH- 3HHa H HX HSMeHeHHH B 33BHCHMOCTH OT BpeMeHH cyTOK.

Ha pac. 5 noKa3aHO H3MeneiiHe epea- Hefl HHTeHCHBHOCTH aBH>KeHHH no MacaM cyTOK Ha CaaoBOM «ojibue (MapmpyT JV» 1) no HafiaioaeHHHM, npoH3oeaeHHUM

b nepnoa HcnuTaHHft.

KaK BHAHO H3 3THX rpaijjHKOB, Ha TaKHX MarHcrpaabHux ym n a x r. Moc kbu, k b k

Caaosoe Koabíto Han naqaao /Íe m ifírp a a - CKOTO Uiooce, HHTCHCHBHOCTb aiBHHteHHB pe3KO H3MeHHeTCH no n a c a « cyxoK. O na cpaBHHTeabHo ObiCTpo ¡B03pacTaeT, ¡HaHH- hbh c 7—8 qacoü yTpa, aocraraeT iia n - OoabmMx 3HaqeHHH o a o ao 14 h onoao 17 nacoB h naaaeT k 21—22 nacaiM. llp n yseanncHOT HHTeHCHBHOCTH a®H*eHHa CpeaHHC TeXH'HHeCKHe CKOPOCTH aBHJKeHHH a¡BTOMo6Haeft c h h h o io tc hc30 a o 21 KM/qac, a opea'HHe p a o x o a u ¡6eH3®Ha pe3Ko Bospa- cTaioT c 21 a o 25,5 a/100 k m.

CHHjKeHHe oKopocTeñ asnateHiia npoiic- xoaHT b ochobhom BcaeacTBHe 3aMeaaeH- hoto aBH*cHHH h 3aacp>KeK y CBeTO(|)o- Pob. HaOaioaeHHH noKa3aaH, hto y hhh- 6oaee 3arpya<eHHux nepeKpecTKOB «noa- THTHBaiiHe» rpy30Boro aBTOMoÓ laa k ne- peapecTKy na HH3m«x nepeaaqax nponc- xoa«T HHoraa na ipaccTO»HHH 200— 300 m, HTO CHHbHO CHHJKaeT cpeaHHe CKOPOCTH h HeH3fiejKHo noBbimaeT paexoa 6eH3ima.

H a yjum ax c OyauwHUM noKpuraeM cpeaHHe ckopocth 6ua® noayqeiiu 3HanH- TeabHo 6oaee HH3KHe, hcm Ha Mai h- CTpaabHux yaiHipax c accjiaHbTOBbiM no- KpblTHeM, HTO OÓ'bHCHHJIOCb ¡B OCHOBIIOM COCTOHHHeM aopOTH H CTeCHeHHOCTblO aBH- WCHHH. lip a 3T0M CKOpOCTb aBH*eHHíI B pa3aHHHue qacu cyTOK coxpaHHaacb ¡Heii3- MeHHOÍÍ.

Eoabmoñ HHTepec npeacTaBaaioT cpea

HHe TexHHiecKHe ckopocth aexKObux aB- TOMoSHaeii npn aBHweHHH no pa3aHHHUM MapmpyTaM r . Mockbu, ycTaHOBaeHiiue na ocHOBe MHoroHHcneHHbix 3ae3.aoB upa rocyaapcTBeHHux HcnuTannax aBTOMofiH- aeñ 3H C-110, M -20-«no6eaa», « Mookbhh» h inpn HioiiUTaHHHX, npoBeaeHHUx b

HAMH.

flaH H ue 3thx HonbiTaHHfi nosBoamoT KOHCTaTHpOB3Tb, MTO ¡B ycaoBHHx coBpe-

Phc. 4. H3MeHeHHe cpeaHHx xexHHuecKHx CKopocxeñ aB H *e tiH fl n pacxoaoB 6e ii3HHa aBTOMOÓHJieM TA3-51 B 3aBHCHMOCTH ot BpeMeHH c y ro K Ha p a3H u x M a p m p y ra x no M ocKBe, o6o3HaMeHHbix uniJipaMH 1—4, xapaKTepncTH Ka K O T o p ux npHBeaeHa b

xeKCTe.