Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde, 21. Jahrgang, 1911, Heft 3.

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ZEITSCHRIFT

des

Vereins für Volkskunde.

B egründ et von Karl W einhold.

U n te r M itw irkung von J o h a n n e s B o l t e

herausgegeben von

H erm ann Michel.

21. Jahrgang. H eft 3. 1911.

B E R L I N .

B E H R E N D & C ° .

1911.

D ie Z e its c h r if t e r s c h e in t 4 m a l jä h r l i c h .

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Inhalt.

S e ite

D ie E r k e n n t n i s d e s h e u tig e n V o lk s le b e n s a ls A u fg a b e d e r

V o lk s k u n d e . V o n E d u a r d H a h n ...2 2 5 — 233 D a s H ic k e ls p ie l in F r a n k f u r t a. M. V o n K a r l W e h r h a n . . 2 3 4 ^ 2 4 3 B r u m m s h a g e n s c h u n d V a te r B ü m k e , z w e i p o m m e rs c h e S a g e n -

g e s ta lte n . V o n A lf r e d H a a s ... 2 4 3 — 248 K le in e M itte ilu n g e n :

Jacob Grimm an Emmanuel Cosquin. Von J. B o lte . S. 249. — Deutsche Volks

bräuche in Galizien (1. Au» dem Leben der Schwaben in Reichenbach. 2. Ein älterer Bericht über schwäbische Volkssitten in Galizien. 3. Ein Feuersegen. 4. Ein Himmels

brief). Von R. F. K a in d l. S. 251. — Volkskundliches aus dem Isartale. Von M. H o e f le r.

S. 256. — Sprichwörter und Redensarten aus Vorarlberg. Von f A. D ö rle r . S. 259. — Zum Fangsteinchenspiele. Von E. L e m k e (mit Beiträgen von J. B olte). S. 274. — Volkstümliche Obst- und Speisenamen im Braunschweigischen. Von 0 . S c h ü tte . S. 276. — Der Teufel im Glase. Von P. B eck. S. 278. — Ein altnordisches Bärensohnmärchen.

Von f B. K a h le . S. 280. — Nachtrag zum Spruch der Toten an die Lebenden. Von M. R o e d ig e r . S. 282. — Zur Sage von der erweckten Scheintoten. Von J. H e r te l, J. B o lte , A. A n d ra e . S. 282. — Sagen aus Dürrengleina (Thüringen). Von H. S c h a c h e . S. 286. — Amulette und Gebete aus Salzburg. Von J. B o lte . S. 287. — Zur Ruiupel- mette. Von E. H a s lin g h u is . S. 290. — Sizilianische Gebäcke. Von E. L em k e. S. 291. — Ein russischer Schutzbrief wider den Kometen Halley. Von A. v. L öw is of M e n ar.

S. 292. — Eine Warnung vor den Künsten der Hexen auf einem Flugblatte vom Jahre 1627. Von A. J a c o b y . S. 293. — H. F. Feilberg. Von J. B o lte . S. 297. — Eine Ge

sellschaft für Volkskunde in Kanada. Von H. M ic h el. S. 298. — Zum ‘Letzten geben’.

Von F. S ch ö n . S. 298. — Der Peterstag im Volksbrauch. Von R. R e ic h h a r d t. S. 299.

B ü c h e r a n z e i g e n :

O. S c h r ä d e r , Die Indogermanen (A. St. Mägr). S. 300. — E. F e h r l e , Die kultische Keuschheit im Altertum (F. Boehm). S. 302. — M. M e rk e r, Die Masai (S. Feist). S. 304.—

A. F r a n z , Die kirchlichen Benediktionen im Mittelalter (A. Wrede). S. 30'). — 0 . W e in r e ic h , Der Trug des Nektanebos (R. M. Meyer). S. 306. — A. L ü tje n s , Der Zwerg in der deutschen Heldendichtung (R. M. Meyer). S. 308. — A. W e s s e ls k i, Die Schwänke und Schnurren des Pfarrers Arlotto (J. Bolte). S. 308.

N otizen:

Baragiola, Beyer, Bronner, de Cock en Teirlinck, Dittmann, v. Gennep, Goldziher, Höfler, Kerler, Loewe, Marzell, Messikommer, Piper, Sahr, Spies, Stettiner, Violet, Zenker S. 309—312.

A u s d e n S i t z u n g s - P r o t o k o lle n d e s V e re in s f ü r V o lk s k u n d e

(K . B r u n n e r ) ... 3 1 3 — 317 D e le g ie r te n ta g in E in b e c k (M . R o e d i g e r ) ... 318 A u fr u f z u r S a m m lu n g v o lk s tü m lic h e r P fla n z e n n a m e n (H . M a r z e l l ) 3 1 8 — 320 A n u n s e r e M i t g l i e d e r ... 320

B e i t r ä g e f ü r d i e Z e i t s c h r i f t , b e i d e n e n u m d e u tlic h e S c h r if t a u f Q u a r tb lä tte r n m it R a n d g e b e te n w ir d , M i t t e i l u n g e n im I n t e r e s s e d e s V e r e i n s , K r e u z b a n d s e n d u n g e n b e lie b e m a n a n d e n H e r a u s g e b e r D r. H e r m a n n M i c h e l , B e r l in N W . 52, S p e n e r s tr . 35, z u r ic h te n .

B ü c h e r z u r B e s p r e c h u n g in d e r Z e its c h r if t w o lle m a n a n d ie V e r la g s b u c h h a n d lu n g B e h r e n d & C o ., B e r l i n W . 64, U n te r d e n L in d e n 10, se n d e n . B e itr itt s e r k lä r u n g e n z u m V e re in n e h m e n d e r 1. u n d 2. V o rs itz e n d e G e h . R e g i e r u n g s r a t P ro f . D r. M ax R o e d i g e r , B e rlin W . 62, B a y r e u th e r s tr . 43, u n d P r o f . D r. J o h a n n e s B o l t e , S O . 26, E l i s a b e t h u f e r 37 , so w ie d e r S c h a tz m e is te r D r . M ax F i e b e l k o r n , N W . 21, D re y s e s tr. 4, e n tg e g e n .

D e r J a h r e s b e i tr a g , w o fü r d ie Z e its c h r if t a n d ie M itg lie d e r g r a tis u n d f ra n k o g e l ie f e r t w ird , b e t r ä g t 12 M k. u n d is t b is zu m 15. J a n u a r a n d en S c h a tz m e is te r z u z a h le n , a m b e s te n a u f d a s K o n to „ D r. M ax F i e b e l k o r n u n d G e h e im r a t D r . R o e d i g e r “ b e i d e r D e p o s ite n k a s s e K d e r D e u ts c h e n B a n k in B e r lin . N a c h d ie s e m T e r m in e w ird e r v o n d e n B e r l in e r M it

g lie d e r n d u r c h d ie P a k e t f a h r t g e s e lls c h a f t e in g e z o g e n w e rd e n .

(Fortsetzung auf S. 3 des Umschlags.)

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Die Erkenntnis des heutigen Volkslebens als Aufgabe der Volkskunde.

Vortrag, gehalten am 20. Januar 1911

zur Feier des zwanzigjährigen Bestehens des Vereins für Volkskunde.

Von Eduard Hahn.

A ls A d o lf B a s tia n , d e r g r o s s e O rg a n is a to r d e r E th n o lo g ie , a m A n fä n g e d e r s e c h z ig e r J a h r e d e s 19. J a h r h u n d e r t s d ie A u f m e r k s a m k e it d e r d e u ts c h e n W is s e n s c h a ft a u f d ie W i c h ti g k e it d e s k u ltu r e lle n B e s itz e s d e r A u s s e n - y ö l k e r fü r d ie E r k e n n tn is d e r M e n s c h h e it a ls G a n z e s u n d im g a n z e n h in z u le n k e n v e r s u c h te , d a s ta n d s e in e m s c h lie s s lic h j a g ro s s e m E rf o lg e a n f ä n g lic h d o c h a u c h e in e O p p o s itio n e n tg e g e n , g a n z ä h n lic h w ie sie j e t z t tr o tz u n s e re s z w a n z ig jä h r ig e n s tille n W ir k e n s a u c h u n s e r e r G e s e lls c h a ft im m e r n o c h e n tg e g e n s te h t.

E in m a l m e in te n d ie s o g e n a n n te n v e rs tä n d ig e n L e u t e : B r a u c h b a r e s , s o g e n a n n te s P o s itiv e s k ä m e d o c h g e w is s n ic h t d a b e i h e r a u s ; a u f d e r a n d e r e n S e ite a b e r m e in te m a n : es s e i j a g a n z u n m ö g lic h u n d d e s h a lb a u c h v o n A n fa n g a n z w e c k lo s , d e n u n g e h e u r e n O z e a n m e n s c h lic h e r G e d a n k e n e in e r w is s e n s c h a ftlic h e n A n a ly s e u n d e in e r s y s te m a tis c h e n O rd n u n g u n te r w e r fe n zu w o lle n .

B a s tia n s e lb s t h a t d a n n d o c h n o c h d e n T r iu m p h e r le b t, d ass d ie s le tz te A r g u m e n t in e in e m U m fa n g e w id e r le g t w u rd e , d e r s e in e e ig e n e n k ü h n s te n E r w a r tu n g e n w e it ü b e r tr a f . S a c h v e r s tä n d ig e E th n o lo g e n k ö n n e n j e t z t m it r u h ig e m G e w iss e n s a g e n , d a ss sie g e g e n Ü b e r ra s c h u n g e n in ih r e r W is s e n s c h a ft e b e n s o g u t o d e r a u c h n o c h b e s s e r g e f e it s in d als m a n c h e F o r s c h e r a u f a n d e re m G e b ie t. H a t d o c h g e r a d e u n s e re Z e it, d ie d o c h d u r c h d e n a u s s e r o r d e n tlic h e n A u fs c h w u n g d e r N a tu r w is s e n s c h a fte n u n d d ie d a m it v e r b u n d e n e u n g e h e u r e E n tw ic k lu n g d e r T e c h n ik am m e is te n c h a r a k te r i s ie r t w ird , e r f a h re n m ü s s e n , d a s s g e ra d e b e i d e n sog. r e a l e n W is s e n s c h a fte n , C h e m ie u n d P h y s ik , d ie s c h e in b a r w ic h tig s te n u n d g r u n d le g e n d s te n S ä tz e u n d G e s e tz e , w ie d ie A u ffa s s u n g d e r c h e m is c h e n A to m e

Z eitschr. d. V erein s f. V olk sk u n d e. 1911. H eft 3. ]_rj

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2 2 6 Hahn:

u n d E le m e n te u n d d a s G e s e tz v o n d e r E r h a ltu n g d e r K ra ft, in l e tz t e r Z e it g e r a d e z u g r u n d s tü r z e n d e n U m f o rm u n g e n a u s g e s e tz t g e w e s e n sin d .

I n d e r E th n o lo g ie h a b e n w ir d e r g le ic h e n w o h l k a u m z u f ü rc h te n o d e r z u e r w a r te n . W i r w e r d e n in Z u k u n f t w o h l m a n c h e s b e s s e r e r k e n n e n u n d ti e f e r a u ffa s s e n le r n e n , w ir w e rd e n m a n c h e G e d a n k e n r e ih e n a n d e r s a n e i n a n d e r k n ü p f e n u n d e in z e ln e s a n d e r s a u ffa s s e n le r n e n , a b e r w ir w e r d e n k a u m u n s e r n G e d a n k e n b a u in s e in e n F u n d a m e n te n e r s c h ü tte r t s e h e n o d e r u n s zu p lö tz lic h e n g r o s s e n U m b a u te n e n ts c h lie s s e n m ü s s e n , a u s g e n o m m e n , es h a n d e le sic h — ic h k o m m e a u f e in b e s o n d e r e s B e is p ie l n o c h z u r ü c k

— e tw a u m e in e E r w e ite r u n g u n s e r e s W is s e n s a u f b a u s o d e r u m e in e b e d e u tu n g s v o lle V e r s tä r k u n g u n d V e r tie f u n g d e r F u n d a m e n te u n s e r e r W i s s e n s c h a ft. V ie r k a n d t h a t u n s in s e in e m s c h ö n e n B u c h e ü b e r d ie ‘S te ti g k e it im K u ltu r w a n d e l’ n o c h k ü r z li c h g e le h r t, w ie la n g s a m e in e A n re ic h e r u n g u n s e r e s K u ltu r b e s itz e s e r f o lg t u n d w ie v ie l d a z u g e h ö r t, e h e a lle V o r b e d in g u n g e n e in e s n e u e n G e w in n s f ü r u n s e r e K u ltu r s ic h e r f ü llt h a b e n .O ö I c h f ü r c h te ü b r ig e n s s e h r, e in e h is to ris c h e P e r io d e , d ie u n s sc h o n r e c h t b a ld fo lg t, w ir d f ü r u n s e r e Z e it e in e n ic h t k le in e L is te u n s e r e r K u ltu r v e r l u s t e a u f s te lle n m ü s s e n , d ie m a n c h e n v o n u n s d o c h n ic h t w e n ig e r s c h r e c k e n w ü rd e .

B a s tia n s T ä t i g k e i t a ls O r g a n is a to r d e r e th n o lo g is c h e n F o r s c h u n g s ta n d n u n v o n A n fa n g a n u n t e r e in e m b e h e r r s c h e n d e n L o s u n g s w o r t, d a s ih m z u e r s t n ic h t im m e r n u r g u t g e m e in te n S p o tt z u z o g , d a s ih m a b e r s c h lie s s lic h d o c h z u s e in e m g ro s s e n E r f o lg e v e r h o lf e n h a t, d a s w a r d a s W o r t v o n d e r z w ö l f t e n S t u n d e . E r w u sste n u r z u g u t d u r c h s e in e u n g e h e u r e n R e is e n , d ass m it d e r A u s n a h m e a u s s e r o r d e n tlic h b e s c h r ä n k te r u n d v e r s te c k t e r G e b ie te — ic h n e n n e d ie d u r c h a lle S c h r e c k e n d e s tro p is c h e n U r w a ld s u n d e in e s v e r r u f e n e n K lim a s g e s c h ü tz te n S te lle n im I n n e r s te n B r a s ilie n s , B o r n e o s , N e u g u in e a s u n d d e r g le ic h e n , . d a n e b e n a b e r a u c h n o c h b e s o n d e r s d a s w o h l k a u m n o c h la n g e d u r c h s e in e p o litis c h e R ü c k s tä n d ig k e it g e s c h ü tz te A lb a n ie n , d ie g ro s s e T e r r a in c o g n ita u n s e r e r W e l t m it te n in E u r o p a — a lle ü b r ig e n G e b ie te d em W e l t v e r k e h r u n d d e m W e lth a n d e l u n d i h r e r T ä t i g k e i t a u f G n a d e u n d U n g n a d e a u s g e lie f e r t sin d . D ie s e a b e r s c h le ife n m it u n w id e r s te h lic h e r G e w a lt u n d m it im m e r s tä r k e r e i n s e tz e n d e r A u s g le ic h u n g a lle S o n d e r fo r m e n a b u n d a lle U n te r s c h ie d e u n d E in z e le n tw ic k lu n g e n w eg.Ö Ö

So h a t te sic h d e n n B a s tia n d as h e h r e Z ie l g e s e tz t, in d e r le tz te n S tu n d e v o r d e m v ö llig e n V e rs c h w in d e n d ie s e r w ic h tig e n E n tw ic k lu n g e n u n d E in z e lg e s ta ltu n g e n n o c h a lle s zu s a m m e ln , u m d ie u n w ie d e r b r in g lic h e n V e r lu s te w e n ig s te n s f ü r d ie W is s e n s c h a f t m ö g lic h s t zu v e r r in g e r n .

D e n n e r w u s s te n u r z u g u t, d a s s d ie s e a llg e m e in e A b s c h le if u n g u n d A u s g le ic h u n g a lle r S o n d e r h e ite n n i c h t u n t e r a l l e n U m s t ä n d e n a lso © e in e K u ltu r b e r e i c h e r u n g a n z u s e h e n se i. G e r a d e h ie r z e ig e n d ie id e a le n F o r d e r u n g e n d e r W is s e n s c h a f t u n d d ie R i c h tu n g , in d ie d a s u n g e h e u r e

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Die Erkenntnis des heutigen Volkslebens als Aufgabe der Volkskunde. 2 2 7

G e w ic h t u n s e r e r W i r t s c h a f t u n d u n s e r e r T e c h n ik m it a ll ih r e n M a c h t

m it te l n d ie M a sse n d e r M e n s c h h e it im a l lg e m e in e n z w in g t, n a c h g a n z v e r s c h ie d e n e n S e ite n .

D ie G e s c h ic h te — ic h b r a u c h e n u r a n d ie T ä t i g k e i t F r ie d r i c h v o n S c h ille r s a ls P r o f e s s o r in J e n a zu e r in n e rn — h a t te f r e ilic h sc h o n s e it m e h r d e n n h u n d e r t J a h r e n d ie D a r s te llu n g d e r E n tw ic k lu n g d e r M e n s c h h e it a ls ih r e A u fg a b e p r o k la m ie r t, d ie N a tu r w is s e n s c h a fte n s in d ih r d a r in j a a b e r e r s t im le tz t e n h a lb e n J a h r h u n d e r t g e fo lg t, u n d A n th ro p o lo g ie u n d E th n o lo g ie w is s e n n u n g e n a u , d a s s es ih r e A u fg a b e ist, d ie d u r c h d ie E n tw ic k lu n g b e d in g te k ö r p e r l i c h e u n d g e i s t i g e V e r s c h i e d e n h e i t d e r M e n s c h h e i t z u u n t e r s u c h e n .

V o l k s k u n d e a b e r is t j a n u r E t h n o l o g i e a u f u n s e r e ig e n e s V o lk a n g e w a n d t, u n d so ll s ic h n u n u n s e r e W is s e n s c h a ft v o n i h r e r S c h w e s te r, d e r E th n o lo g ie , b e s c h ä m e n la s s e n ? S o llte n w ir u n s n ic h t B a s tia n s so e r f o lg re ic h e s F e ld g e s c h r e i in v o lle m U m fa n g e u n d m it z ie lb e w u s s te r E n ts c h lo s s e n h e it a n e ig n e n ? I s t n ic h t a u c h f ü r u n s d ie zw ö lfte S tu n d e g e k o m m e n , in d e r w ir f ü r d ie b r e it e s te n S c h ic h te n u n s e re s V o lk e s d e n g e s c h ic h tlic h e n Z u s a m m e n h a n g u n d d a m it z u g le ic h d ie M ö g lic h k e it d e r u n g e s tö r te n E n tw ic k lu n g m it a l le r M a c h t w ie d e r a n s tr e b e n m ü s s e n ? I s t e s n ic h t d ie le tz te S tu n d e , in d e r w ir h o ffe n k ö n n e n , a u s u n s e re m V o lk s le b e n w e r tv o lls te M a te r ia lie n z u r e tt e n , d ie in g a n z k u r z e r Z e it u n w ie d e r b r in g lic h v e r lo r e n se in w e rd e n , w e n n d ie R e s te d e r z w e ite n G e n e ra tio n von u n s , d ie n o c h le b e n d u n te r u n s w e ile n , d a h in g e g a n g e n sin d ?

D ie u n g e h e u e r lic h e A u s d e h n u n g d e s I n d u s tr ia lis m u s m it s e in e r w e d e r in d e n G r o s s s tä d te n n o c h in d e n I n d u s tr ie b e z ir k e n ir g e n d w ie u n d irg e n d w o w u rz e lfe s te n B e v ö lk e ru n g , d ie u n g e h e u r e A u s d e h n u n g d es s tä d tis c h e n L e b e n s , d as l e id e r e in e n ü b e r a u s b e d e n k lic h e n H a u p tt e il d e r G e s a m tz a h l u n s e r e r B e v ö lk e r u n g in G ro s s - u n d K le in s tä d te n , j a s e lb s t in d e n I n d u s tr ie d ö r f e r n in d ie M ie ts k a s e r n e n u n d E in z im m e r w o h n u n g e n m it ih r e n lic h t

lo se n H ö f e n e in p fe rc h t, j a s e lb s t d a s u n g e h e u r e A n s c h w e lle n d e r B e v ö lk e ru n g a n s ic h a ls u n o r g a n is ie r te M asse, d ie a u c h d a, w o es ih n e n m a te r ie ll e ig e n tlic h g a n z g u t g e h t u n d w o sie also n a c h d ie s e r S e ite w o h l g e d e ih e n k ö n n te , d o c h le id e r f a s t g a n z o h n e v o lk lic h e s B e w u s s ts e in u n d o h n e sie b e f r ie d ig e n d e id e a le Z ie le ih r e s S tr e b e n s in g e is tig e r Ö de ih r D a s e in v e r b r in g t, lä s s t d ie Z u k u n f t u n s e r e s V o lk e s in a lle r tr ü b s te m L ic h te e r s c h e in e n . D ie b e s te n g e is tig e n K r ä f te in d ie s e n M assen lie g e n b r a c h , w e il s ie n ic h t w isse n , w as sie d a m it a n f a n g e n so lle n u n d fü r w e n u n d a u f w e lc h e s Z ie l h in sie a r b e ite n so lle n . D a k a n n u n s n u n a u c h d ie V o lk s k u n d e , d . h . d ie K e n n tn is vom g e s c h ic h tlic h e n C h a r a k te r u n s e re s \ o l k e s u n d v o n d e r G e s c h ic h te s e in e s L e b e n s n a c h d e n e in z e ln e n L a n d s c h a f te n u n d n a c h d e n v e r s c h ie d e n e n B e ru f s a r te n , g r ü n d lic h u n d n a c h h a ltig h e lfe n , u n d d a s is t d o c h w a h r lic h e in e sc h ö n e u n d e in e re iz v o lle A u fg a b e m it g ro s s e n Z ie le n u n d , w e n n w ir e tw a s e r r e ic h e n , a u c h m it d e n w ic h tig s te n

15*

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2 2 8 Hahn:

E r f o lg e n f ü r u n s e r g a n z e s Y o lk . D e n n w as is t d a s V o lk , w e n n n ic h t e in e o r g a n is c h e , d u r c h d ie s t ä r k s t e n B a n d e g e s c h ic h tlic h e r E n tw ic k lu n g zu - s a m m e n g e s c h w e is s te u n d in sic h v e r b u n d e n e M a sse, d a s E r g e b n is e i n e r u n e n d lic h la n g e n g e s c h ic h tlic h e n E n tw ic k lu n g ! Z u g le ic h is t d a s Y o lk j a a b e r a u c h e in e M a s s e , d. h ., d a s s s ie m it a lle n i h r e n v ie le n F e h l e r n u n d w e n ig e n Y 'o rzü g e n d e n G e g e n s ta n d e i n e r n e u e n , in d e r Z u k u n f t w a h r s c h e in lic h s e h r w ic h tig e n W is s e n s c h a f t b ild e t, d e r S o z i o l o g i e , d ie d e n E in flu s s u n d d ie E in w ir k u n g s m ö g lic h k e it d e s E in z e ln e n a u f d ie M asse u n d d ie R ü c k w ir k u n g d e r M a sse n a u f G e f ü h ls le b e n , G e d a n k e n tä tig k e it u n d W i r k s a m k e i t d e s E in z e ln e n m it n e u e n G e s ic h ts p u n k te n u n d n e u e n M e th o d e n u n te r s u c h t.

F e s t h a l t e n a b e r m ü s s e n w ir d a n e b e n als e in E r g e b n is d e r A n th ro p o lo g ie , d e r E th n o lo g ie u n d d e r V o rg e s c h ic h te , d a ss, w ie R a t z e l es im m e r w ie d e r b e to n te , d i e T i e f e d e r M e n s c h h e i t u n e n d l i c h g r o s s i s t ; d ass ü b e r d ie in T a u s e n d e n v o n G e n e r a tio n e n fe s tg e le g te n S c h w in g u n g e n d e r M e n s c h e n s e e le u n s n u r d e r G e s a m tb e s itz a l le r Z e ite n u n d a lle r K u ltu r e n e in g e w is s e s Y e r s tä n d n is g e b e n k a n n , also d ie P s y c h o lo g ie , d ie G e s c h ic h te in ih r e m w e ite s te n U m fa n g , a u c h a u s a lle n A u s s e n g e b ie te n u n d a u s a lle n F o rs c h u n g s z w e ig e n , w ie K u ltu r - u n d W irts c h a f ts g e s c h ic h te , u n d v o r a lle m e n d lic h d ie E th n o lo g ie u n d d ie Y o l k s k u n d e .

So m u ss d a f ü r g e s o rg t w e r d e n , d a s s d a s u n s b is d a h in n o c h so z ie m lic h u n b e k a n n te S e e le n le b e n d e r M a sse n a ls s o lc h e r f ü r d a s ö ffe n t

lic h e L e b e n d e r Z u k u n f t n ic h t m e h r w ie b is h e r e in g a n z u n b e k a n n te r F a k t o r b le ib t, d e n m a n f ü r p o litis c h e u n d w ir ts c h a f tlic h e B e re c h n u n g e n a ls Z u f a l l e in s te lle n m u ss , u n d d u r c h d e n a lle z ie lb e w u s s te ö ffe n tlic h e T ä t i g k e i t a u fs ä u s s e r s te g e f ä h r d e t u n d in F r a g e g e s te l lt w e r d e n k a n n .

Z u n ä c h s t s c h e in t j a d ie s e A u fg a b e u n g e m e in s c h w ie rig , j a d e m L a ie n e r s c h e in t, w e n n e r e tw a s d e r a r t h ö r t, d ie L ö s u n g z u e r s t v ö llig u n m ö g lic h . A b e r ic h b r a u c h e j a n u r d a r a u f h in z u w e is e n , d a ss das, w as d ie Y o lk s k u n d e a u f e in e m k l e i n e r e n G e b ie t, f re ilic h m it e in e m g ro s s e n G r e n z g e b ie t u n d z a h llo s e n A u s b lic k e n le is te n so ll, ih r e S c h w e s te r, d ie E th n o lo g ie , a u f ih r e m u n g e h e u r e n G e b ie t, u n s e r e r W e l t , b e r e its e r f ü llt h a t u n d s o g a r in e in e m v ie l g r ö s s e r e n U m fa n g u n d in v ie l k ü r z e r e r Z e it, a ls m a n j e v o r h e r e r w a r te t h ä tte . F r e i l i c h g e h t es, w ie m it d e r Y o lk s k u n d e , so a u c h m it d e r E th n o lo g ie , d a s s d ie B e tä tig u n g d e r G e is te s w is s e n s c h a ft a u f p r a k t i s c h e m G e b ie t n o c h s e h r z u w ü n s c h e n ü b r i g l ä s s t . W i e es in a n d e r e n W is s e n s c h a f te n g e g a n g e n ist, so ü b e r la s s e n w ir h i e r v ie l z u v ie l d e r u n le u g b a r ö f te r v o r h a n d e n e n a n g e b o r e n e n B e g a b u n g . D a s g e h t a b e r zu e in e r Z e it n ic h t, w o a lle U r b e tr ie b e d e r M e n s c h h e it d e r w is s e n s c h a ftlic h e n B e h a n d lu n g u n d E r k e n n t n i s u n te r w o r f e n w e rd e n . J a h r ta u s e n d e la n g h a b e n w ir B r o t g e b a c k e n u n d F e lle g e g e r b t z. B ., o h n e d a s s w ir e in e w is s e n s c h a ftlic h e E r k e n n t n i s d e r s c h w ie rig e n B e d in g u n g e n d ie s e r V e r fa h r e n h a tte n . D a s g e h t n ic h t m e h r, j e t z t v e r la n g e n w ir v o m L a n d w ir t, v o m B ie r b r a u e r , v o m

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F o r s tm a n n w is s e n s c h a ftlic h e K e n n tn is s e . W i r w e r d e n a u c h v o n u n s e re n K o lo n ia lb e a m te n d r a u s s e n u n d v o n u n s e r e n V e r w a ltu n g s b e a m te n im e ig e n e n L a n d e v e r la n g e n m ü s s e n , d a s s sie d a s V o lk , m it d e m s ie z u tu n h a b e n , k e n n e n so lle n , u n d d ie s V e rla n g e n w ird u n s s p ä te r a ls g a n z s e lb s t

v e r s tä n d lic h e r s c h e in e n . U n n ö tig v ie l M issg riffe in d e r K o lo n ia lg e s c h ic h te w ä r e n v e r m ie d e n u n d b e i u n s m a n c h e r n ic h t g e r a d e r ü h m lic h e V e r w a ltu n g s k o n flik t, w e n n d a s sc h o n b e k a n n t u n d b e a c h t e t g e w e s e n w ä re . E s is t j a f r e ilic h v e r g e b e n s , v o n d e n f r ü h e r e n Z e ite n e in V e r s tä n d n is zu f o rd e rn , w e lc h e s ih n e n d o ch n o c h n ic h t a u fg e g a n g e n w a r. So e r s c h e in t u n s d e r K a m p f ä l t e r e r B e h ö rd e n g e g e n d ie S p in n s tu b e n o d e r g a r g e g e n d e n T a n n e n b a u m a u s s e r o r d e n tlic h a b g e s c h m a c k t, a b e r d e r im m e r n o c h n ic h t b e e n d e t e K a m p f m it d e m H a b e r f e l d is t im L ic h te d e r V o lk s k u n d e a lle s a n d e r e w ie ru h m v o ll f ü r d ie b a y e r is c h e n B e h ö rd e n . I s t es d o ch n u r e in K a m p f g e g e n d ie im I n te r e s s e d e r S itte — f r e ilic h w ie d ie L e u t e sie v e r s te h e n — o r g a n is ie r te J u n g m a n n s c h a f t e in e s g e s c h lo s s e n e n g ro s s e n B e z irk s .

A n d e r e Z e ite n u n d a n d e r e V ö lk e r e m p fin d e n g e g e n ih r e V e rg a n g e n h e it e in e g e w is s e E h r f u r c h t ; u n s e re Z e i t b e t r a c h te t d ie e i g e n e V e r g a n g e n h e it m e is t n u r m it ir o n is c h e m L ä c h e ln , a b e r w e r d e n n ic h t s p ä te r e Z e ite n a lle n G ru n d h a b e n , ü b e r u n s z u la c h e n , w e n n sie e r f a h r e n m ü ss e n , d ass d ie w is s e n s c h a ftlic h g e b ild e te n S tä n d e u n s e r e r Z e it, d ie ih r B e r u f a u f d e n le b e n d ig e n Z u s a m m e n h a n g , a u f d e n s te te n p e r s ö n lic h e n V e r k e h r , a u f d ie f o rtw ä h re n d e B e e in flu s s u n g d e r M a ssen in d e m e in e n o d e r a n d e r e n S in n e h in w ie s , b is in u n s e re Z e i t in b e z u g a u f d ie K e n n tn is i h r e r A u fg a b e , a u f d i e K u n d e v o n d e m V o l k g a n z u n d g a r d e r n a t ü r lic h e n B e g a b u n g u n d V e r a n la g u n g d e s E in z e ln e n ü b e r la s s e n w u r d e ; d a ss v o n e in e m w is s e n s c h a f tlic h e n R ü s tz e u g e fü r d ie s e , ih r e s c h w ie r ig s te A u fg a b e b e i L e h r e r n , G e is tlic h e n , R i c h te r n , V e r w a ltu n g s b e a m te n u n d Ä rz te n n ic h t d ie R e d e ist, d a ss m a n s ic h e in fa c h d a r a u f b e s c h r ä n k t, d e m E in z e ln e n s e in e n W e g u n d d e n D in g e n ih r e n L a u f z u la s s e n , w ie d e r Z u fa ll es fü g t?

E s is t k e i n W u n d e r , d a ss g e g e n ü b e r d e m r e ic h e n s a c h lic h e n S toft u n s e r e r W is s e n s c h a f t b e i d e n V e r tr e te r n d e r V o lk s k u n d e u n d so au c h b e i d e n V e r e in e n d ie s e R ic h tu n g , j a , w e n n ic h so s a g e n k a n n , d a s H a u p tz ie l u n s e r e r W is s e n s c h a f t b is d a h in n u r w e n ig z u r G e ltu n g g e k o m m e n ist.

I c h b in a b e r n ic h t d e r M e in u n g , d a s s d a s so b le ib e n so ll, ja , ic h b in s o g a r d e r A n s ic h t, d a s s d a s g a r n ic h t so b le ib e n k a n n , w e n n n ic h t u n s e re m V o lk e u n d u n s e r e r S a c h e a u s s e r o r d e n tlic h v ie l u n d g r ö s s e r S c h a d e n g e s c h e h e n so ll. E s is t a b e r w a h rlic h sc h o n S c h a d e n g e n u g g e s c h e h e n . Im B a n n e v o n V o r s te llu n g e n , d ie d ie g e s c h ic h tlic h e A u ffa s s u n g u n d d ie p o litis c h e T ä t i g k e i t u n d d ie d e r V e r w a ltu n g d e r le tz te n h u n d e r tu n d z w a n z ig J a h r e b e h e r r s c h t h a b e n , u n d d ie m e is t a u f d e n g e n ia le n W i r r k o p f R o u s s e a u z u r ü c k g e h e n , h a b e n s ic h a lle K u ltu r s ta a te n E u ro p a s b e m ü h t, m it e in e r E n e r g ie , d ie a u f r ic h tig z u b e w u n d e rn w ä r e , w e n n sie n ic h t zu e in e m T e ile

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2 3 0 Hahn:

d e m la s te n d e n G e w ic h t d es S c h e m a s z u z u s c h re ib e n w ä re , d e r B ild u n g d e s' O V o lk e s z u g e w e n d e t. Ic h w ill g a n z g e w is s d e m E n th u s ia s m u s , d e r d ie b e s te n M ä n n e r i h r e r Z e it f ü r d ie s e S a c h e b e g e is te r te , n ic h t z u n a h e tr e t e n , a b e r w ir in D e u ts c h la n d u n d in d e n N a c h b a r lä n d e r n b e g in n e n j e t z t a l l m ä h lic h d o ch m it g r ö s s e r e m E r n s t, w ie m a n d a s f r ü h e r ta t, a u f d ie E n d r e s u lt a te zu a c h te n . U n d d a m ü s s e n w ir d e n n d o c h a ls V e r t r e t e r u n s e r e r W is s e n s c h a f t m it T r a u e r h e r v o r h e b e n , d a s s d a s L e b e n u n s e re s V o lk e s u n e n d lic h e E in b u s s e e r l i t t e n h a t. M ä rc h e n u n d S a g e n , K in d e r s p ie l u n d K in d e r li e d w e r d e n d u r c h d ie T ä t i g k e i t d e r S c h u le n u n d K in d e r g ä r te n in w e n ig G e n e r a tio n e n , w e n n n ic h t in d e r u r s p r ü n g lic h e n F a s s u n g v ö llig v e r n ic h te t, so d o c h f a s t b is z u r U n k e n n tl ic h k e it u m g e s ta lte t u n d a b g e s c h liffe n se in . W i e so ll sic h in G ro s s s ta d t u n d I n d u s tr ie s t a d t m it ih r e n M ie ts k a s e r n e n v o lk s k u n d lic h e Ü b e r lie f e r u n g , j a , w ie so ll sich in d e r M a s s e n a n h ä u fu n g , in d e r im m e r d e r R ü c k s ic h ts lo s e s te am b e s te n v o r a n k o m m t u n d d e s h a lb a u f d ie M a sse n b e s tim m e n d w ir k t, d e r S c h a tz a n g u te r" O S itte e r h a lte n , d e n d a s V o lk m it s e in e m fe in e n G e fü h l fü r P flic h t u n d R e c h t in J a h r h u n d e r t e n in a lle n s e in e n S c h ic h te n , in d e n h ö c h s te n w ie in d e n n ie d e r s te n , so g u t a u s g e a r b e ite t u n d in S c h lo ss u n d S ta d th a u s , w ie in B a u e r n h a u s u n d in d e r T a g e lö h n e r h ü tt e a u f g e s p e ic h e r t h a t te ?

I c h w ill h ie r n ic h t e in e la n g e L is te a u f z ä h le n v o n d e n V e r f e h lu n g e n in d ie s e r R ic h tu n g , w ie b e i d e r S e p a r a tio n d e r G e m e in d e flu r im I n te r e s s e r o h e s te n N u tz e n s o d e r v ie lm e h r d e r S te u e r f ä h i g k e it , d e m G e m e in d e w e s e n , d e r J u g e n d u n d d e n A rm e n d e s D o rf s , d e r N a tu r s c h ö n h e it, d e m T i e r - u n d P fla n z e n b e s ta n d e , d e r d o c h a u c h s e in e n h o h e n g e s c h ic h tlic h e n W e r t h a t, u n d a n d e r e m g e s c h a d e t w o rd e n is t ; ic h w ill v ie lm e h r a ls B e is p ie l f ü r d ie W i c h ti g k e it u n s e r e r W is s e n s c h a ft e in e n N o ts ta n d , d e r m it d e r E in f ü h r u n gO 7 © d e r S c h u lp flic h t d i r e k t u n d i n d i r e k t z u s a m m e n h ä n g t, e r ö r te r n , b e i d e m sic h a b e r z u g le ic h , d e m C h a r a k te r u n s e r e r W is s e n s c h a ft e n ts p r e c h e n d , E th n o lo g ie u n d V o lk s k u n d e s c h w e s te rlic h d ie H a n d r e ic h e n .

N a tu r g e m ä s s m u s s te n fü r d ie B ild u n g , w ie sie d ie a llg e m e in e S c h u l

p f lic h t m it sic h b r a c h te , a u c h b is d a h in u n e r h ö r te L a s t e n a u f g e b r a c h t w e rd e n . U m d ie s e m ö g lic h s t g e r in g z u h a lte n , g la u b te m a n , d a s a l l

g e m e in e Z ie l f ü r d a s V o lk : L e s e n , S c h r e ib e n u n d e in ig e G ru n d b e g riffe , se i in a c h t J a h r e n zu e r r e ic h e n . E s w u rd e n also K n a b e n u n d M ä d c h e n m it etwra 14, h ö c h s te n s 15 J a h r e n a u s d e r S c h u le e n tla s s e n . So w a r e n d ie K n a b e n , m it A u s n a h m e d e r g e r in g e n M in o ritä t, d ie f ü r d ie s o g e n a n n te h ö h e r e B i ld u n g b e s tim m t w a r, v o n d a a n b is z u m E i n t r i t t in s H e e r , zu d e m sie d ie a llg e m e in e W e h r p f lic h t z w a n g , also im a lle r g e f ä h r lic h s te n A lte r o h n e je d e s ta a tlic h o d e r ö ffe n tlic h o r g a n is ie r te A u fs ic h t in b e z u g a u f ih r e g e is tig e u n d k ö r p e r lic h e A u s b ild u n g . D a s w a r a b e r d o c h a u c h z u g le ic h d ie P e r io d e , in d e r d a s H a u s , v ie lf a c h n o c h a u f G r u n d a l te r S itte , d ie K n a b e n , u m n u r b e i d e n e n zu b le ib e n , g a n z f re i g a b o d e r s ie d o ch w e n ig s te n s w e s e n tlic h f r e ie r s te llte .

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Die Erkenntnis des heutigen Volkslebens als Aufgabe der Volkskunde. 231

V o n A m ts w e g e n k ü m m e r te sic h also v o m S c h u la u s tr itt b is zu m M ilitä r a b s o lu t n ie m a n d m e h r u m d ie K n a b e n . A llm ä h lic h k o n n te n a b e r je d e m , d e r v o n A m ts u n d R e c h ts w e g e n m it d e r B e o b a c h tu n g d ie s e r V e r h ä ltn is s e zu tu n h a tte , d a s u m sic h g r e if e n d e V e r d e r b e n u n s e re r m ä n n lic h e n J u g e n d n ic h t m e h r v e r b o r g e n b le ib e n .

D a m u s s te d e n n d e n V e r s tä n d ig e n a u c h d ie E in s ic h t k o m m e n , dass u n s e r A o lk f r ü h e r d ie s e V e rh ä ltn is s e in i h r e r W i c h ti g k e it e r k a n n t u n d sie a u c h in e i n e r d a m a ls s e in e n B e d ü rf n is s e n w o h l e n ts p r e c h e n d e n W e is e r e c h t g u t g e o r d n e t h a tte .

W e n n d e r d e u ts c h e J u n g e au s d e m K n a b e n a lt e r t r a t — e tw a m it 15 o d e r IG J a h r e n — , so fa n d e r a u f d e m L a n d e b e i d e r J u n g m a n n s c h a f t, u m e in e n g e le g e n tlic h g e b r a u c h te n A u s d r u c k S ü d d e u ts c h la n d s u n d d e r S c h w e iz h ie r a llg e m e in e r a n z u w e n d e n , in d e r S ta d t als L e h r lin g f e s te V e r h ä ltn is s e v o r, d ie b is in d a s s p ä te M itte la lte r h in e in , u n d s te lle n w e is e d a r ü b e r h in a u s , ih m s e in e n f e s te n P la tz m it g e n a u e r B e s tim m u n g v o n P f lic h t u n d R e c h t s ic h e r te n . D ie s e w ic h tig e n V e r h ä ltn is s e h a t u n s e re Z e it v o llk o m m e n ü b e r s e h e n .

V o r w e n ig e n J a h r e n e rs t, 1902, h a t d a n n H e in r ic h S c h u rtz in e in e r k u r z e n , a b e r in i h r e r W i c h ti g k e it k e in e s w e g s g e w ü r d ig te n u n d a u s g e s c h ö p f te n S tu d ie ü b e r A lte r s k la s s e n u n d M ä n n e r b ü n d e d ie s e w ic h tig e n u n d m e r k w ü r d ig e n V e r h ä ltn is s e a u f e th n o lo g is c h e m G e b ie t in ih r e m g ro s s e n Z u s a m m e n h a n g n ic h t n u r a u f g e d e c k t, s o n d e rn m a n k a n n w o h l s a g e n , f ü r u n s e n t d e c k t . E r h a t a u c h a u f d e n g ro s s e n , so u n g e h e u e r w ic h tig e n , h ie r tie f e in s c h n e id e n d e n U n te r s c h ie d z w is c h e n M a n n u n d F r a u a u f m e r k s a m g e m a c h t, e in s tw e ile n , f ü r d ie b r e it e Ö ffe n tlic h k e it w e n ig s te n s , o h n e j e d e n E rfo lg .

M a n n u n d F r a u u n te r s c h e id e n sic h n ä m lic h in ih r e m so z ia le n V e r h ä ltn is d u r c h a u s u n d g a n z u n d g a r, u n d a lle A u s n a h m e n k ö n n e n a n d e r W i c h ti g k e it d ie s e s G ru n d e r g e b n is s e s n i c h t s ä n d e r n .

M ä d c h e n h a b e n , d a f ü r is t j a d ie P u p p e c h a r a k te ris tis c h , d a s B e d ü rfn is , sic h m it k le in e r e n W e s e n i h r e r A rt z u b e s c h ä ftig e n u n d sie zu p fleg e n . D e e r n s s in d lü tt e M ö d e rk e n s , s a g te d a s p la ttd e u ts c h e V o lk g a n z r ic h tig . K n a b e n h a b e n , so w ie s ie e in ig e r m a s s e n s e lb s tä n d ig sin d , d as B e d ü rfn is , s ic h z u s a m m e n z u s c h lie s s e n u n d sic h i n A l t e r s k l a s s e n a b z u g l i e d e r n . D ie K le in e n , d a s is t d e r b e i d e n K n a b e n sic h u n e n d lic h w ie d e rh o le n d e V o rg a n g , m ü s s e n sc h o n d e s h a lb z u s a m m e n b le ib e n , w e il d ie A lte r e n sie b e i ih r e m Z u s a m m e n s c h lu s s h e r a u s d rä n g e n , w e n n sie sie n ic h t g e ra d e i r g e n d w ie a ls u n te r g e o r d n e te H ilf s m itte l b e i ih r e n S p ie le n b e n u tz e n w o lle n .

D e s h a lb h a t S c h u r tz s e in s c h ö n e s W e r k a u c h d ie A lte r s k la s s e n u n d M ä n n e r b ü n d e g e ta u f t. D ie s B e d ü r f n is is t so n a tu rg e m ä s s , d a ss es sic h ü b e r d ie g a n z e E r d e u n d d u r c h a lle Z e itr ä u m e v e rfo lg e n lä s s t, u n d es s t e h t n a t ü r l ic h in e n g s te r V e r b in d u n g m it d e r e b e n so n a t ü r lic h e n O rg a n i

s a tio n d e r M ä n n e r a ls V e r b a n d d e r K r ie g e r . W i r s e h e n j a d a h e r a u c h ,

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2 3 2 Hahn:

d a s s d ie V e r t r e t e r j e n e r B e s tr e b u n g e n , d ie F r a u e n u n d M ä n n e r m it g le ic h e n R e c h t e n a u s s ta tte n w o lle n — B e s tr e b u n g e n , d ie v o n d e r A n th r o p o lo g ie u n d d e r E th n o lo g ie n ic h t g e r a d e v ie l F ö r d e r u n g u n d B e g r ü n d u n g z u e r w a r te n h a b e n — , d ie v ö llig e u n d d a u e r n d e A b s c h a ffu n g d e s K rie g s u n d d e n e w ig e n F r i e d e n a ls e in I d e a l d e r M e n s c h h e it p r o k la m ie r e n m ü s s e n , u m n ic h t s o f o rt ü b e r d ie E i n f ü h r u n g d e r W e h r p flic h t, a u c h f ü r d ie F r a u e n , z u s to lp e rn .

D ie L ü c k e , v o n d e r ic h o b e n s p ra c h , d ie z w is c h e n d e r S c h u le u n d d e m E i n t r i t t in s H e e r k la fft, w a r u n te r d ie s e n U m s tä n d e n f ü r d ie b r e it e n S c h ic h te n d e s V o lk s u n g e h e u e r f ü h lb a r , d o c h d ie V e r s u c h e , so g u t g e m e in t s ie w a r e n , F o r tb i ld u n g s u n te r r ic h t u n d d e r g le ic h e n e in z u s c h ie b e n , s c h e ite r te n f a s t ü b e r a ll m e h r o d e r w e n ig e r .

N u r d o rt, w o g e b o r e n e P ä d a g o g e n u n d V o lk s k u n d le r d ie S a c h e a u f e ig e n e H a n d d u r c h f ü h r e n k o n n te n , s te llte n sic h sc h ö n e E r f o lg e e in , d ie a b e r m e is t a n e in e f ü h re n d e P e r s ö n lic h k e it g e k n ü p f t w a re n u n d d a h e r n u r z u o ft m it d ie s e r u n te r g in g e n , l e id e r a u c h o ft g e n u g im S c h e m a e r s tic k te n .

D e n n d ie a u s d e r e ig e n tlic h e n S c h u le e n tla s s e n e n K n a b e n h a tte n d a s n a t ü r l ic h e G e fü h l, d a s s sie n u n e rw a c h s e n g e n u g s e ie n , u m ih r e e ig e n e n W e g e z u g e h e n , u n d w e n n sie n ic h t s e h r g e s c h ic k t g e l e it e t w u rd e n , so d a s s sie d a s G e f ü h l b e h a lte n k o n n te n , s e lb s tä n d ig zu s e in , so le is te te n sie a lle n E r z ie h u n g s v e r s u c h e n s te ts w e itg e h e n d e n p a s s iv e n , o ft g e n u g f re ilic h a u c h e r f o lg r e ic h e n a k tiv e n W id e r s ta n d .

N u n is t es a b e r e in e e ig e n tü m lic h e E r s c h e in u n g , d a s s — in e in e m g e w is s e n G e g e n s a tz zu ih r e m G e d a n k e n - u n d G e f ü h ls le b e n d ie h e r a n w a c h s e n d e n K n a b e n in i h r e r g e w o h n h e its g e m ä s s e n B e tä tig u n g a u s s e r o rd e n tlic h s t a r k a n d i e T r a d i t i o n g e b u n d e n sin d . I n S itte u n d U n s itte m a c h e n d ie H e r a n w a c h s e n d e n n a c h , w a s d ie H e r a u s w a c h s e n d e n e in s t ih n e n v o r g e m a c h t h a b e n , w ä h r e n d sie im G e f ü h ls le b e n z u g le ic h d o c h e in e m v o r w ä r ts s tü r m e n d e n , o ft a llz u w e itg e h e n d e n I d e a lis m u s a n h ä n g e n . D a s d e u ts c h e S tu d e n te n - tu m is t d a f ü r j a e in d e u t lic h e r B e w e is , w ie m ä c h tig d ie s e G e fü h le e in e G e n e ra tio n n a c h d e r a n d e r e n b e h e r rs c h e n .

W e n n w ir n u n , w ie w ir d ie s j a tu n m ü s s e n , d ie K n a b e n in S ta d t u n d L a n d im I n te r e s s e i h r e r k ö r p e r lic h e n E n tw ic k lu n g z u m T u r n e n u n d zu T u r n s p ie l e n o r g a n is ie r e n w o lle n , so w e r d e n w ir a u s s e r o r d e n tlic h v ie l g u te n W ille n u n d v ie lle ic h t g ro s s e M itte l a u s s ic h ts lo s v e r s c h w e n d e n , so la n g e w ir n ic h t d ie E th n o lo g ie u n d d ie V o lk s k u n d e z u r L ö s u n g d ie s e r A u fg a b e m it h e r a n z ie h e n .

D a s s a b e r so lc h e T u r n s p ie l e u n d a n d e r e G e le g e n h e ite n z u r k ö r p e r lic h e n u n d j a a u c h z u r g e is tig e n A u s b ild u n g f ü r u n s e re K n a b e n z w is c h e n d e r S c h u le u n d d e m H e e r n ic h t n u r w ü n s c h e n s w e r t, s o n d e rn d u r c h a u s n o tw e n d ig sin d , d a s is t e in e E r k e n n tn is , d ie sic h in d e n b e t e ilig te n K r e is e n im m e r g r ö s s e re G e ltu n g v e rs c h a fft. D a s s es f r ü h e r d e r g le ic h e n

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g e g e b e n h a t, w a r v ie lle ic h t m a n c h e m fre m d . J e tz t , w o K ü c k u n d S o h n - r e y ih r e S a m m lu n g d a r ü b e r v e r ö ffe n tlic h t h a b e n , d a r f m a n d a ra n n ic h t f e s th a lte n . D ie V o lk s k u n d e a b e r h a t d ie g ro s s e u n d w ic h tig e A u fg a b e , d ie E r i n n e r u n g e n d e r a lte n V o lk s g e n o s s e n , d ie j e t z t in d e n s e c h z ig e r u n d s ie b z ig e r J a h r e n s te h e n , in S ta d t u n d L a n d a u s z u s p ü r e n , m ö g e n sie n u n im A lte n te il s itz e n o d e r im S p ita l, u m so in d ie s e r z w ö lfte n S tu n d e z u s a m m e ln , w as n o c h zu s a m m e ln ist, u n d d ie R e g e ln d e r e in s tm a ls b o d e n s tä n d ig e n S p ie le w ie d e r in d ie P r a x is e in z u fü h re n , d a m it w ir n ic h t lä n g e r u n te r d e m U n s in n zu le id e n h a b e n , d ass d ie K in d e r u n s e re s d e u ts c h e n M itte ls ta n d e s F o o tb a ll, C r ic k e t o d e r H o c k e y a n d G o lf s p ie le n m ü s s e n . W e n n a u c h a lle d ie s e S p ie le g e r m a n is c h sin d , so s in d sie d o ch v o n a u s s e n b e i u n s e i n g e f ü h r t ; w ir a b e r h a b e n e i g e n g e w a c h s e n e S p ie le g e n u g f ü r u n s e re B e d ü rfn is s e .

O r g a n is ie r t m a n n u n u n s e re m ä n n lic h e J u g e n d d u r c h sic h s e lb s t u n d a u s s ic h s e lb s t h e r a u s , so g e w in n e n w ir d a m it s ic h e r e in M a c h tm itte l, d a ss d e n r ü c k s ic h ts lo s e n I n d iv id u a lis m u s , d e m d ie p o litis c h e u n d w ir t

s c h a f tlic h e E n tw ic k lu n g e in e n v ie l zu g ro s s e n E in flu s s a u f d ie M assen g e w ä h rt h a t, k r ä f tig w ie d e r e in d ä m m e n k a n n .

D ie M asse, d a s h a b e n w ir g e r a d e w ie d e r e r f a h r e n m ü ss e n , lä s s t sic h n ic h t d u r c h P o liz e iv e r o r d n u n g e n b in d e n , v ie l w e n ig e r fo lg t sie d e n B e w e g g r ü n d e n d e r s o g e n a n n te n V e rn u n ft. B in d e n d fü r d ie M asse s in d n u r d i e S i t t e n u n d d i e S i t t e . D a k a n n n u n u n s e r e W is s e n s c h a f t m it v o lle n K r ä f t e n e in g re if e n , d a s F e l d is t l e id e r n u r zu g ro ss, z u v ie l is t z e rs tö rt u n d n u r w e n ig e s in d d e r H e lf e r. L a s s e n S ie u n s a b e r a lle zu u n s e re m T e i l d a h in a r b e ite n , d a s s d as n ic h t m e h r so se i, d a s s d i e \ o l k s k u n d e d e r a l t e n g u t e n S i t t e w i e d e r z u i h r e m R e c h t e v e r h e l f e . D e n n es is t e in e g a n z fa ls c h e A u ffa s s u n g u n d e in F e h l e r in u n s e r e r a llz u w e it

g e h e n d e n Ü b e r b ild u n g e in e r w e s e n tlic h a u f d a s E in z e lw e s e n g e r ic h te te n p h ilo s o p h is c h e n S trö m u n g , w e n n d ie M a sse in je d e m E in z e lf a lle e in e E n t s c h e id u n g d a r ü b e r tr e ff e n s o ll: S o lle n w ir d ie s tu n , so lle n w ir je n e s la sse n ? V ie l e in fa c h e r is t es, w e n n w ir n a c h d e m B e is p ie le u n s e r e r V o rv ä te r d ie M a ssen in a ll d e n T a u s e n d e n E in z e lf ä lle n , w ie sie a n j e d e n e in z e ln e n in d e r M asse so o ft h e r a n tr e te n , v o r e i n e r e ig e n e n E n ts c h e id u n g b e h ü te n u n d sie v ie lm e h r e in fa c h , a b e r e n ts c h ie d e n d u r c h d ie Ü b e r lie fe ru n g an d ie S itte n u n d sie d a d u r c h a u c h w ie d e r a n d ie g u te S itte b in d e n .

B e r l i n .

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2 3 4 Wehrhan:

Das Hickelspiel in Frankfurt a. M.

Von Karl Wehrhan.

D a s S p ie l d e r K in d e r , v o n d e m h ie r d ie R e d e s e in so ll, is t f a s t ü b e r a ll in d e u ts c h e n G a u e n b e k a n n t u n d b e l ie b t , w e n n es a u c h d ie v e r s c h ie d e n s te n N a m e n a u f z u w e is e n h a t; m a n n e n n t es (n a c h F r a n z M a g n u s B ö h m e , K in d e r li e d u n d K in d e r s p ie l, L e i p z ig 1897 S. 5 9 9 ) P a r a d i e s s p i e l , a u c h P a r a d i e s - u n d H i m m e l h u p p e n o d e r T e m p e l h u p p e n in Ö s te r

r e ic h , h ie r u n d d a a u c h W o c h e n h ü p f e n , in S c h le iz h e i s s t’s H i c k e , in S ü d w e s td e u ts c h la n d H ü p f e l d r e i 1). D ie s e N a m e n e r k l ä r e n sic h a u s d em S p ie l; e in m a l w ird d a b e i g e h ü p f t o d e r g e h u p p t, d a n n h e is s t e in T e i l d e r in d e n lo se n S a n d g e z e ic h n e te n F i g u r d e r H im m e l, d e r T e m p e l o d e r d as P a r a d ie s , u n d e n d lic h w e r d e n in e in ig e n G e g e n d e n s t a t t d e r Z a h le n d ie N a m e n d e r W o c h e n ta g e in d ie F e l d e r d e r F i g u r e in g e tr a g e n , w as d e n N a m e n W o c h e n h ü p f e n h a t b ild e n la s s e n .

I n F r a n k f u r t a. M. h e is s t d as S p ie l ‘H i c k e l s p i e l ’, d. h. H ü p f s p ie l ( h ic k e ln = h ü p f e n im F r a n k f u r t e r D ia l e k t) , so d a s s d e r N a m e m it je n e n B e z e ic h n u n g e n a u f e i n e r S tu fe s te h t; es w ird je d o c h a u c h H i c k e l k r e i s g e n a n n t, w a h r s c h e in lic h , w e il e in e A b a r t d e r S p ie lfig u r Ä h n lic h k e it m it e in e m K r e is h a t. I m ü b r ig e n fin d e n d ie K in d e r d u rc h a u s k e i n e n A n sto ss d a r a n , je d e d e r z u d e m S p ie l b e n ö tig te n F ig u r e n m it d e m A u s d r u c k

‘K r e is ’ z u b e z e ic h n e n , m ö g e n sie n u n in W i r k l i c h k e i t q u a d r a tis c h , r e c h t e c k ig , k r e u z - o d e r N -f ö r m ig se in .

D ie v e r s c h ie d e n e n S p ie la r te n o d e r S p ie lfo rm e n d e s H ic k e ls p ie ls in F r a n k f u r t a. M. h a b e n w ie d e r v e r s c h ie d e n e N a m e n e r h a lte n : D e u ts c h e r K r e is , f ra n z ö s is c h e r K re is , la n g e r K re is , E n n c h e s k r e is u sw . E s w ird b e i d e r B e s c h r e ib u n g d e r e in z e ln e n S p ie le n o c h d a r a u f e in g e g a n g e n w e rd e n .

D a s S p ie l w ir d im A n s c h lu s s a n e in e F i g u r a u s g e f ü h rt, d ie m it d e m A b s a tz d e s S c h u h e s in d e n w e ic h e n S a n d d e r w e ite n A n la g e n o d e r in d e n K ie s d e r S c h u lh ö fe g e z o g e n w ird . F i g u r e n w ie S p ie la u s f ü h ru n g s in d s e h r v e r s c h ie d e n , u n te r s c h e id e n sic h s e lb s t in d e n e in z e ln e n S ta d tt e il e n , j a , e in k l e i n e r B u b , d e n ic h d e s w e g e n b e f r a g te , e r k l ä r t e m ir, d a s S p ie l w ü rd e s e lb s t in j e d e r S tr a s s e a n d e r s g e s p ie lt. I n d e r T a t h a b e ic h e in e so g ro s s e M a n n ig f a ltig k e it in e in u n d d e m s e lb e n S p ie l s e lte n g e fu n d e n . D ie e in f a c h s te F i g u r is t d ie a u f S e ite 235 a b g e b ild e te . S ie b e s te h t a u s e in e m in a c h t F e l d e r g e t e il te n R e c h t e c k ( K r e i s ) ; d ie Z a h le n f e h le n h äu fig .

1) [Haus Meyer, Der richtige Berliner 1904 S. 15 ‘Schafskopf’. Schumann, Lübecker Spielbuch 1905 S. 96 mit Anm. Höhr, Siebenbürgische Kinderspiele 1903 S. 73. De Cöck- Teirlinck, Kinderspel in Zuid-Nedeiland 1, 309. Kristensen, Danske Bömerim 1896 p. 544.

l’itre, Giuochi fanciulleschi siciliani p. 141.]

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Das Hickelspiel in Frankfurt a. M. 2 3 5

Z u d e m S p ie l g e b r a u c h t m a n f e r n e r e in e n p la tte n , g la tte n S te in , d e n sic h j e d e r M its p ie le r n a c h B e lie b e n a u s s u c h e n k a n n . D ie S p ie la u s f ü h ru n g is t in e in f a c h s te r F o r m n u n f o lg e n d e : D e r e r s te S p ie le r w ir f t s e in e n S te in in ir g e n d e in k le in e s R e c h t e c k u n d h ü p f t d a n n , b e i 1 a n f a n g e n d , d e m S te in e n a c h , u m ih n zu h o le n ; b e im S te in e a n g e la n g t, d a r f e r sic h b ü c k e n u n d k a n n n u n o h n e z u h ü p fe n , n a c h 8 h in d e n ‘K r e is ’ v e r la s s e n . D a s m u ss e r s e c h s m a l w ie d e r h o le n , a b e r m ö g lic h s t d a s F e ld , in d a s e r d e n S te in w irft, w e c h s e ln , d o c h is t es k e i n z w in g e n d e s E rf o r d e r n is . G e lin g t ih m d a s W e r f e n u n d n a c h f o lg e n d e H ü p fe n se c h sm a l, o h n e m it d e m S te in e e in e n S tric h ( d e r S c h ü le r s a g t: e in e n K re is ) zu tre ffe n o d e r m it s e in e m F u s s e d e n S tr ic h z u b e r ü h r e n , so d a r f e r in ir g e n d e in F e l d d e r F i g u r s e in e n N a m e n s c h re ib e n . A u f d ie s e m F e ld e d a r f e r sic h n u n b e i j e d e r W ie d e r h o lu n g d e s S p ie ls a u s ru h e n , d. h. m it b e id e n F ü s s e n z u g le ic h d e n B o d e n b e r ü h r e n , w ä h r e n d es a lle n ä n d e r n M its p ie le rn u n te r s a g t ist, d ie s F e l d zu b e t r e te n . G e w in n t e r w ie d e r , so d a r f e r sic h n o c h e in a n d e r e s F e ld als R u h e h ä u s c h e n a u s s u c h e n usw . W e n n

e r s e in e n N a m e n h in e in s c h r e ib t, so tu t e r d as m e is te n s m it e in e m e in fa c h e n N , o d e r e r m a c h t e in K re u z in d a s b e tre ffe n d e F e ld . S o b a ld e in S p ie le r g e g e n d ie S p ie lr e g e l v e rs tö s s t, k o m m t e in a n d e r e r d ra n . D ie B e z e ic h n u n g o d e r Z ä h lu n g d e r F e l d e r w e c h s e lt in s o f e r n , a ls m a n a u c h w o h l b e i d e n lin k s s e it ig e n v ie r F e l d e r n z u e r s t z u z ä h le n a n f ä n g t, so d a s s also N r. 8 zu N r. 1 w ird . D o c h is t d ie s e Z ä h lu n g s e lte n e r .

W i c h ti g e r s in d v e r s c h ie d e n e S p ie la b w e ic h u n g e n , v o n d e n e n d ie h a u p t

s ä c h lic h s te n h ie r n o c h a n g e g e b e n w e r d e n so lle n . D e r S te in m u ss in s e r s te F e ld g e w o rfe n u n d h ü p f e n d w ie d e r g e h o lt w e rd e n , d a n n iDs z w e ite F e ld u sw .;

d e r S p ie le r k e h r t je w e ils a u f d e n s e lb e n F e l d e r n z u r ü c k , a u f d e n e n e r h in g e h ü p ft ist, b is a lle a c h t F e l d e r d u r c h s in d . D a n n m u ss d e r S p ie le r d u r c h a lle a c h t F e l d e r b lin d g e h e n , d. h . e r m u s s d ie A u g e n s c h lie s s e n u n d d e n K o p f h i n tü b e r h a lte n , d a s s e r d ie S tric h e n ic h t s e h e n k a n n ; a u c h h ie r b e i d a r f e r n ic h t a u f d e n ‘K r e is ’ tr e te n . N u n w ir d d e r S te in a u f e in e n F u s s g e le g t u n d m it o ffe n en A u g e n d u r c h d ie e in z e ln e n F e l d e r g e tra g e n ; in d ie s e m F a l l e w ird , e b e n s o w ie b e im B lin d g e h e n , n ic h t g e h ic k e lt, s o n d e r n e in fa c h g e g a n g e n . D a n n w ir d d e r S te in v o m F u s s e a u s d r e im a l in d ie H ö h e g e w o rfe n u n d m it d e r H a n d w ie d e r g e fa n g e n . E n d lic h m u ss d e r S p ie le r d r e im a l d u r c h a lle a c h t F e l d e r la u fe n , o h n e e in z u h a lte n . J e t z t e r s t is t d e r S p ie le r a u s u n d k a n n sic h , w ie sc h o n o b e n b e m e r k t, e in R u h e h ä u s c h e n w ä h le n .

E in e a n d e r e S p ie la r t k e n n t fo lg e n d e A b w e ic h u n g e n : D e r S te in w ir d e r s t in s e r s te , d a n n in s z w e ite usw . F e l d g e w o rfe n , d a n n je d e s m a l h ü p f e n d a b g e h o lt, n u r d a r f d e r S p ie le r n ic h t w ie d e r z u r ü c k , w ie e b e n e r w ä h n t,

F ig . 1.

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2 3 6 Wehrhan:

s o n d e rn e r m u ss w e ite r h ü p f e n , a lle a c h t F e l d e r d u rc h , also a c h tm a l h in te r e in a n d e r . F e r n e r w ir d v o r d e m D u r c h g e h e n ( m it d e m S te in a u f d e m F u s s e ) d e r S te in d u r c h a lle a c h t F e l d e r h in d u r c h g e s c h ic k t, d. h. e r w ird v o r d a s e r s te F e l d a u s s e r h a lb d e r F i g u r a u f d e n B o d e n g e le g t u n d m it d e m F u s s e w e it e r g e s to s s e n , o h n e d a s s e r a u f d e n ‘K reis* k o m m e n d a rf.

E in e V e r s c h ä r f u n g d ie s e s S p ie ls b e s t e h t n o c h d a r in , d a s s d e r S te in b e i je d e m F e l d e n u r e in m a l a n g e s to s s e n w e r d e n d a r f ; w e r ih n b e im e r s t

m a lig e n A n s to s s e n n ic h t a u f d a s fo lg e n d e F e l d h in ü b e r s c h n ic k t, is t ab , u n d d e r fo lg e n d e k o m m t d r a n .

W e r b e i a l le n d ie s e n u n d a u c h d e n fo lg e n d e n S p ie la r te n g e g e n e in e e in z ig e S p ie lr e g e l v e r s tö s s t, w e r a lso z. B . a u f e in e n S tr ic h t r i t t , o d e r e in m a l e in e n m it d e m F u s s e in d ie H ö h e g e w o rfe n e n S te in n ic h t f ä n g t, m u ss w ie d e r g a n z v o n v o r n a n f a n g e n , w a s s tr e n g g e h a n d h a b t w ird .

W e n n d ie F i g u r n ic h t a u s a c h t, s o n d e rn a u s m e h r F e l d e r n b e s te h t, m e is te n s a u s z e h n o d e r z w ö lf F e l d e r n , n e n n t m a n d a s S p ie l ‘l a n g e r K r e i s ’, w ä h r e n d d ie e in f a c h e r e F o r m u n te r d e m g e w ö h n lic h e n N a m e n H ic k e lk r e is , K r e is , h i e r u n d d a a u c h w o h l ‘k u r z e r K r e i s ’ b e k a n n t ist.

B e im ‘la n g e n K r e is e ’ k o m m e n im a llg e m e in e n d ie s e lb e n S p ie lr e g e ln in A n w e n d u n g , w ie sie o b e n a n g e g e b e n s in d , n u r e in ig e A b w e ic h u n g e n m ö g e n h i e r P la tz f in d e n : W ä h r e n d m a n d e n S te in a u s d e m e r s te n u n d d a n n a u s d e m zwTe ite n H ä u s c h e n w ie d e r h o lt, also n ic h t a lle F e l d e r d u r c h - h ic k e lt , m u s s m a n v o n d e m d r itte n F e l d e a b n a c h d e m A u f h e b e n d e s S te in e s je w e ilig w e ite r h ic k e ln , a lle H ä u s c h e n d u r c h ; f e r n e r m u s s d e r S p ie le r d r e im a l d u r c h a lle F e l d e r d u r c h h ic k e ln , n ic h t, w ie o b e n e rw ä h n t, n u r d u r c h la u fe n .

D e r s o g e n a n n te ‘f r a n z ö s i s c h e K r e i s ’ u n te r s c h e i d e t sic h n u r in d e r F i g u r , s o n s t a b e r n ic h t w e s e n tlic h v o n d e n b is h e r g e n a n n te n S p ie lw e is e n ; es lie g t ih m n a c h s te h e n d e Z e ic h n u n g ( F ig . 2 ) z u g ru n d e .

H i e r is t d e r ‘K r e is ’ also a u c h in a c h t F e l d e r a b g e te ilt, n u r h a b e n d ie s e in f o lg e d e r d ia g o n a le n L in ie n d r e ie c k ig e F o r m , w o d u rc h d a s S p ie l e tw a s s c h w e r e r g e s ta l te t w ird . D e r M itte lra u m is t, w ie b e i d e m n o c h zu b e s p r e c h e n d e n e i g e n tlic h e n ‘d e u ts c h e n K r e is ’, e in f ü r S te in w ie S p ie le r v e r b o te n e r R a u m , es d a r f also k e i n S te in h in e in g e w o r fe n o d e r h in e in g e s c h n ic k t w e r d e n , a u c h d a r f d e r S p ie le r n ic h t h in e in tr e te n . D ie A u s fü h ru n g d e s S p ie le s u n te r s c h e i d e t sic h a b e r w e it e r n ic h t v o n d e n sc h o n m it g e te ilt e n S p ie lw e is e n . D e r N a m e ‘f ra n z ö s is c h e r K r e is ’ s e tz t d a s S p ie l in b e w u s s te n G e g e n s a tz zu d e m fo lg e n d e n e i g e n tlic h e n ‘d e u ts c h e n K r e is e ’. W o h e r d ie se N a m e n z u e r k lä r e n s in d , v e r m a g ic h a u g e n b lic k lic h n ic h t a n z u g e b e n .

D e r ‘K r e i s ’, w ie e r m it A u s n a h m e d e s le tz tg e n a n n te n b is h e r b e s c h rie b e n i s t , w ir d a u c h w o h l a ls ‘d e u t s c h e r K r e i s ’ b e z e ic h n e t, d o c h k o m m t d ie s e B e z e ic h n u n g v o r a lle m f o lg e n d e r A b a r t in F r a n k f u r t a. M. zu, d e r e n F i g u r a u s n a c h s te h e n d e r Z e ic h n u n g ( F ig . 3 ) zu e r s e h e n ist.

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Das Hickelspiel in Frankfurt a. M. 2 3 7

D a s C h a r a k te r is tis c h e a n d ie s e r F i g u r is t d e r s ic h o b e n a n s e tz e n d e R a u m a, d a s P a r a d ie s g e n a n n t, a u s d e s s e n B e z e ic h n u n g sic h d ie e in g a n g s a n g e f ü h rte n N a m e n P a r a d ie s s p ie l usw . e r g e b e n . D a s P a r a d i e s s te llt d e n R a u m d a r, in d e m sic h d ie S p ie le r a u f h a lte n d ü rfe n , d ie m it d e m S p ie l d u r c h g e k o m m e n s in d ; v o n d o r t a u s k ö n n e n sie s e h r b e q u e m d a s S p ie l i h r e r M its p ie le r ü b e r w a c h e n u n d le ic h t e r k e n n e n , w e n n s ic h je m a n d g e g e n d ie S p ie lr e g e l v e r g a n g e n h a t. D e r in d e r L ä n g s m itte a n g e g e b e n e F r e ir a u m is t e in u n w e s e n tlic h e s S tü c k d e r F i g u r u n d k a n n fe h le n , e r s te llt a lle r d in g s (w ie b e im f ra n z ö s is c h e n K r e is e ) f ü r d a s S p ie l e in e V e r s c h ä r fu n g d a r, d e n n a u c h in ih n d a r f d e r S te in n ic h t f a lle n , u n d d e r S p ie le r m u s s ih n w ie je d e n S tr ic h m e id e n . E s b r a u c h e n n ic h t g e r a d e z e h n F e l d e r z u s e in , a u s

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d e n e n d ie e i g e n tlic h e S p ie lfig u r b e s te h t, es g e n ü g e n a u c h a c h t F e ld e r , w ie a n d e r e r s e its a u c h s e lb s t z w ö lf d e r s e lb e n z u fin d e n s in d ; in d ie s e r B e z ie h u n g s te llt also d e r ‘d e u ts c h e K r e is ’ e in e A b a r t d e s k u r z e n u n d la n g e n K re is e s d a r. D ie A u s f ü h ru n g d e s S p ie le s is t b e im d e u ts c h e n K re is u n d d e m P a r a d ie s s p ie le d ie sc h o n o b e n b e s c h r ie b e n e ; j e d e r M its p ie le r is t h ie r b e s tr e b t, w ie e r sic h a u s d rü c k t, ‘in d a s P a r a d ie s zu k o m m e n .’

E in e e ig e n a r tig e V a r ia tio n d e s H ic k e ls p ie ls w ir d in d e r v o rs te h e n d e n Z e ic h n u n g (F ig . 4) zu m A u s d r u c k g e b r a c h t.

H i e r is t d a s P a r a d ie s in d ie M itte d e r S p ie lfig u r g e le g t, je d e n f a lls f ü r d ie k o n k u r r ie r e n d e n M its p ie le r e in z u r B e o b a c h tu n g s e h r g e e ig n e te r A u fe n th a lt. D a s P a r a d ie s h a t h ie r w e n ig s te n s a n n ä h e r n d (d e m K in d e k o m m t es j a n ic h t g e n a u d a r a u f a n ) d ie G e s ta lt e in e s K re is e s . D e r K re is h a t in g e w is s e n F ä lle n a u c h n o c h e in e a n d e r e B e d e u tu n g . Z u w e ile n v e r la n g t d ie S p ie lr e g e l n ä m lic h , — w ie sc h o n o b e n h e r v o r g e h o b e n , w e ic h e n d ie S p ie lr e g e ln s e lb s t in d e n e in z e ln e n S tra s s e n v o n e in a n d e r a b — d ass

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2 3 8 Wehrhan:

d ie S p ie le r , d ie n o c h n ic h t a u s s in d , also d a s A n r e c h t a u f e in R u h e h ä u s c h e n n o c h n ic h t e r w o rb e n h a b e n , d ie s e n K r e is in d e r M itte ü b e r s p r in g e n m ü ss e n . D a n n s c h r e ib t d e r je n ig e , d e r a lle B e d in g u n g e n e r f ü llt h a t, s e in e n N a m e n in d e n K r e is e in , d e r in d ie s e m F a l l e also a ls R u h e h ä u s c h e n d ie n t. U m d a s Ü b e r s p r in g e n z u e r m ö g lic h e n , h ü p f t m a n d a n n n ic h t in d e r d u r c h d ie Z iffe rn a n g e g e b e n e n R e ih e n fo lg e d u r c h d ie F e ld e r , s o n d e rn v o n e in e m F e l d e d e r e in e n S e ite n a c h d e m s c h rä g g e g e n ü b e r lie g e n d e n F e l d e d e r a n d e r e n S e ite , also in d e r R e ih e n f o lg e d e r F e l d e r 1, 9, 3, 7, 5, 6, 4, 8, 2, 10. M an s ie h t, d ie k le in e n im S p ie l a u s s e r o r d e n tlic h a u s d a u e r n d e n K ü n s tle r m a c h e n es sic h n ic h t im m e r le ic h t, L o r b e e r e n zu e r r in g e n .

E in e a n d e r e F o r m d e s S p ie ls , d ie a n d ie o b e n g e n a n n te d e s ‘d e u ts c h e n K r e is e s ’ e r in n e r t , a u c h w o h l d ie s e lb e B e z e ic h n u n g f ü h r t, w ir d d u rc h V e r b r e i t e r u n g d e r S p ie lfig u r e r z ie lt. M an le g t d ie F i g u r so a n , d ass n ic h t

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z w e i, s o n d e rn v ie r o d e r f ü n f F e l d e r n e b e n e i n a n d e r e n ts te h e n . S c h o n b e im d e u ts c h e n u n d f ra n z ö s is c h e n K r e is e h a b e n w ir g e s e h e n , d a s s in d e r M itte e in s c h m a le s F e l d d e r L ä n g e n a c h e in g e f ü g t w a r ; in d ie s e m F a lle s c h ie b t m a n n o c h f e r n e r e z w e i o d e r d r e i F e l d e r ein . D ie Z e ic h n u n g ( F ig . 5 ) fü r d e n le tz t g e n a n n te n F a l l w ü rd e d e m n a c h w ie o b e n a b g e b ild e t a u s s e h e n .

F ü r d ie s e F i g u r g ib t es z w e i H a u p ts p ie lw e is e n . N ac h d e r e in e n d a r f d e r S te in h in g e w o rf e n w e r d e n , w ie es d a s B e lie b e n d e s e in z e ln e n S p ie le r s w ü n s c h t, also in e in F e l d j e d e r L ä n g s r e ih e , e i n e r le i ob lin k s , r e c h ts o d e r in d e r M itte usw . D e m g e m ä s s is t a u c h n ic h t b e s tim m t, in w e lc h e r L ä n g s r e ih e d e r S p ie le r h ü p fe n m u ss , d ie s e r k a n n f e r n e r s e in A u s r u h e h ä u s c h e n b e z e ic h n e n , wo e r w ill, n u r d a r f e in ih m f o lg e n d e r S p ie le r n ie m a ls in d a s als R u h e h ä u s c h e n g e w ä h lte F e l d w e rfe n , m u s s es, w ie in a lle n ä n d e r n sc h o n g e n a n n te n A b w e ic h u n g e n d e s H ic k e ls p ie ls , s te ts ü b e r s p r in g e n , d a d a s A u s r u h e n n u r d e m B e s itz e r z u s te h t. B e i d ie s e r S p ie la u s f ü h ru n g d a r f d e r S p ie le r a u c h s c h rä g h ü p f e n , is t also n ic h t g e b u n d e n , e in e L ä n g s r e ih e in n e z u h a lte n .

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