DPOJIETAPHM BCEX CTPAH, COEflHHflKTECb !
No 14 M iojib Ne 14
M O c K
B
A M3flaTenbcTBo «riPABflA»1950
UpoAerapuu ecex crpan, coedunnüTecbt T E O P E T H H E C K M A H nOJIHTMHECKHH
» y p H A f l
UK BKI
1[
6¡
X X V II TOA H3AAHHS1
Aflpec peftaKHHH:
MocKBa, /leHMHrpaflcKoe Luocce, y ji. «ripaBflbi», 24.
Te/i. f l 3-36-38.
C o A c p m a H H e H. CTAJTHH — OTBeT TOBapamaM
nEPEÄOBASI-ÄocTHJKeHHa „ ayKH h nepeAoeoro onura ' „ Y ' * Hoe H C0BX03H0e npoH3BOACTBO . . . B K0J1X°3-
r aT kT h ä p m^ ; “ “ ' 011 - < ? » » « - ■ > : » . a , ; « ; , : : JieiiHHHaMa (O ip y a .. "» BK-"aA b conpoBmmmity
B M b r E j. b « ” ” ” >“ »3»..™ )
B paöore U .« W „ „ ro R p a .a .,” “ C c 'n P ”
MełKAynapoAHufi 0630p . ...
1 7 12 24
39 88
O tbêt T O B a p H m a M
T o e a p u u fy C a H M e e e y
r, yB a K a eM b lH T osapam CaHJKeeB!
Otb€toio Hä Bam e hhcmwo o r
ß9ePa nepeflaflH Mue Bam e hhcbmo J Y ™ onb? « - t b k Kax f o jih i Bbi GeaycAOBHo n p a BEa hHo T “ 3 în n a PaTa U K .
'«K n* yeTe MOi° n03iiuHI° ß-Bonpoce o ÄH;
«K.JlHCCOBbI6» ÄHäJIGKTbl Kn
k vMK TOMCv y>KeHBaiOT He HaP °^nH S ŁIL nccabiBIT Hvee 6bIJI° 6bI Ha3BaTb >KaPr<
„ y - *2 T0My >Ke 0HB He HMeioT cBoern ! / ’ y 3Ky ro «HmajibHVK) Bepxvu h ocHOBHoro ciioBapHoro tpoHfla Bb hY 36cTB0HHOro rpaM M aranecKoro ctdc
m 1 caMOCToPTeabme m u k h “ Ay 3TOro < ™ m a « He M o r y i naara-r
AHäneKTbi MecTHbie («TennuTn 1
Ä “ Bb h aS ^ T HM6K)T CB° ñ rPp aMS S 2 ’ Ha°Ö°POT, OßcjiyjKHBälOT Hi HaiiHö » Äy r ° HeK0T°pbie MecTHbie nu ! CTp0H H ochobhoh cjioBapHbi Texbin ip 0« yT JIeqb B 0CH0By HHUHOHajibHto BJieKTbI B n Pouecce oöpaaoßaHH ÄHajiPKTn a /'H0HaJIbHble H3bIKH- T a x 6 h An 3bIK0B H PasBHTbca b caMocros H 0 B rn 3 c cMKn(rKyPCKO"OPJ,0BCKaH C KyPCK0-0PJ,0BCKH TaBCKÍKHP« naiiHOHajibHoro fl3biKa To J H3blKa- K o io p u ñ jie r b o<
Panno,pp ° M ÄHaJIeKTe yxpaH H cxoro Y MOe Hy >KH0 CKa3aTb o n o j KHX H3UKn«HapHOHaJILH0rO H3bIKa- H TO K a S S K° TOpblfi B OCHOBy y i
HCHe3aiQT B S x ° HH TePHi0T CB0I° caM06biTH0CTbfl, bS b™ S Ki T!
2 H . C TA JIH H
BbiBaiOT h oópaTHbie npoueccbi, Kor/ia eAHHbifi H3biK aapoAHOCTH, He CTaBiueS eme Haunefl b CHAy otcytctbhh Heo6xoAHMbix 3K0H0MHuecKHx yc- jioBHfi paaBHTHH, TepfiHx Kpax BCJieACTBwe rocyAapcTB6H«oro pacnaAa arofi HapoAHocTH, a MecTHbie AHajieKTbi, ne ycneBiuHe eme nepeMOAOTbcn b eflH- HOM H3bIKe, — OJKHBaiOT H A3I0T HaHaAO 06pa30BaHHK) OTAejlbl-IblX CaMOCTOH- TejIbHblX H3MK0B. Bo3MO>KHO, HTO TaK HMeHHO ofiCTOHAO AeJlO, HanpHMep, C eAHHblM MOHrOAbCKHM H3UK0M.
H. CTAJIHH
1950 r. 11 HKjjiH.j
T o a a p u tą a M fĄ . E e m u u y u C . & y p e p y
B a u m nucbMa noAVTOA-
Bam a omaÓKa coctoht b t o m, hto fibi cMemaAH ABe pa3Hbie se um H h o a- MeHHAH IipeAMCT, ipaOCMaTpHBa€Mblft B MOeM OTBOTe T. KpameHHHHHKOBOń, Apyruw upeAMeTOM.
1. 51 xpHTHKyro b 3tom OTBeTe H . 51. M a p p a , KOTOpbifi, roBopa <06 H3biKe (3ByKOBOM) H MbHUAeHHH, OTpbIBaeT H3HK OT MblUJAeHHH H BnaAaeT T3KHM o6pa30M B HA63AH3M. Ct3AO ÓblTb, peUb HACT B MOCM OTBeTe O HOpMaAbHblX AK3AHX, BAaAeromHX H3bIK0M. 51 yTBepJKAaiO -npu 3TOM, HTO MblCAH MOTyT B03HHKHyTb y T2KHX a to ach jiH iiib ua 6a3e H3biKOBoro MaTepaaAa, UTO OrOACH- Hbix MbicAeu, He CBHsaHHbix c H3HKOBbiM MaTepnaAOM, He cymecTByeT y AK>
AeH, BAaAeiOmHX H3bIK0M.
BMeCTO TOTO, HTOSbl npHHHTb HAH OTBepFHyTb _3TO HOAOiKeHHe, Bbl noA- CTaBAHeTe aHOMaAbHbIX, Óe3-bH3bmHbIX AiOAefi, rAyXOHCMblX, y KOTOpbIX HeT HSbIKa H MblCAH KOTOpbIX, KOHeUHO, He MOTyT B03HHK«yTb Ha Óa3e H3bIKOBOTO MaTepuaAa. K a u b h ah tc, sto coBepmeHHo A p yra a TeMa, KOTopofi h ae Ka- caAca h He MOT KOCHyTbca, Tak Kaa H3biK03HaHne 3aHHMaeTca HopMaAbHbiMH AIOAbMH, B.IiaAeiOmHMH H3HKOM, a He aHOMaAbHblMH, TAyXGHeMblMH, He HMe- lOmUMH H3bIKa.
Bbl noAMeHHAH o6cyxiAaeM yio TeMy A p y ro ft TeMofi, KO Topaa me o6cy-
>KAaAacb. ' ,
2. H3 nHCbMa t. EejiKUHa b h a h o, uto oh ctabut na oAHy AOOKy «H3biK CJIOB» (3ByKOBOH Babia) H «H3HK >KeCTOB» (HO H . 51- M a p p y «pyHHOH» H3bIK).
Oh AyM aer, uo bhah-m o my, mto h3u k mec-roa h h3h k caob pabh 03H au h m, hto oaho BpeMH ueAOiBeuecKoe oómecTBO ae HMeAo H3bi«a cao b, hto «pyaHofi»
H3bIK 3aMeHHA TOTAH nOHBHBUIHHCH nOTOM H3bIK CAOB.
H o ecAH AeficTBHTeAbHO Tax AyMaeT t. BeAKHH, to oh AoaycKaeT cepbe3- Hyio oumÓKy. 3ByKOBoń hsbik h a h h3u k caob 6bui BcerAa eAHHCTBeHHbiM H3BIK0 M qejioiieaecKoro oGmpCTBa, cnocooiibiM cjiyacHTb n o jiho u,e h h łim cpeA- ctbom oSm eami AioAefi. McTOpHH He 3HaeT hh oahoto HejioBeuecKoro o6me- ctb3, CyAb oho caMoe OTCTaAoe, KOTopoe He hm cao 6bi cBoero 3ByKOBoro H3biKa. 3TH0rpat{)HH He 3HaeT hh oahoto otcthaoto napoAHa, 6yAb oh tb kh m m e hah eme 6oAee nepBoóuTHbiM, aeM, CKameM, aBCTpaAmmbi hah orHeae-
MeAbabi n p o iu A o ro Bena, KOTopbia ae h m ba 6łi OBoero 3ByKOBoro H3biKa. 3By- KOBOH H3bIK B HCTOpHH HeAOBeHeCTBa HBAHeTCH OAHOH H3 TeX CHA, KOTOpbie HOMOTAH AIOAHM BblACAHTbCH H3 >KH BOTH OTO MHpa, 0'G'bCAHHHTbCH B odmeCTBa,
pa3BHTb CBoe MbimAOHHe, opraHH30BaTb oómecTBeHHoe aponaBOACTBO, bocth ycnem nyio 6opb6y c c h a h m h ripapoAbi h aoh th ao toto nporpecca, KOTopuń Mbl HMeeM B HaCTOHIime BpeMH.
B 3tom oTHomeHHH 3HaueHHe TaK Ha3biBaeMoro H3biKa mecToe b e h a y ero KpaftBefi 6eAHocTH h orpaimuenHOCTH — hhhto>kh o. 3to, coficTBenuo, He H3biK, h Aame He cypporaT H3biKa, M o ry m a ii Tax hah m iaue 3aMeiiHTb 3ByKooofi
O TBET T013A P H IH A M 3
H3biK, a BcnoMOraiejibHOe cpeACTBO c Kpafine orpahhmeh h um h cpeacTBaMH, KOTopbiM noJib3yeTCH HH0r;ia qeAoaex x.iia nojwepKHBaHHH Tex ha u h hhx mo-
mchtob b ero pean. JIbijk >K6Ctob ra x >xe HCAb3H npHpaBHhba tb k 3‘ByKOBOMy H3biKy, K3K nejib3H npHpaBHHBaTb nepBotóbmiyio aepeBHHHyio MOTbiry k co- BpeMeHHOMy ryeeHHHHOMy TpaKTopy c n hth x o p n yc hbim iuiyroM h phaobom
TpaKTOp-HOH CeHJl'KOH.
3. K ax bhaho, aw HHTepecyeTeeb npejKAe Bcero rJiyxoaeMbiMii, a noTOM y>K — npoÓJieMaMH 5I3bIK03HaHHH. Bh,THMO, 3T0 HMeHHO o6CT0HTejIbCTB0 H 3a- CTasHjio Bąe oópaTiiTbCH ko mus cphaom BonpocoB. lIto JKe, ecjiH obi HaciaH- Baeie, a He npoab yAo bjiexBoparb Barny npoebfiy. Hxax, xax o6ctoht AeAO c rjiyxoHe.MbiMH? PaSoTaeT ah y hhx MbmuieHHe, BoanuxaiOT jih mbicjih? A a> paóoTaer y hhx MbiinjieuHe, bo3hhk3iot m h c a h. 3cho, kto KOJib cxopo rayxoHeMbie jm in e tm 5i3bi>xa, hx mmcah iie M oryr B03HHxaTb aa 6a3e H3bixo- Boro MarepHajia. He 3H3Hht jih sto, m o mucjih rjiyxoneM bix hbjihiotch oro-
■JieHHbiMH, He csHaaniibiMiH c «HopMaMH npapOiUbi» (ubipajReHue H . 3 . M appa)?
HeT, we anamiT. Mucjih rjiyxoHeMbix Bo3HHxaiOT h M oryr cymecTBOBaTb jim nb Ha 6ase xex 0'6pa3OB, bociiphhthh, npejrcTaBjieHHM, xoxopbie CKJia^biBaiOTCH y hhx b 6biTy o npe^MeTax BHemiiero MHpa h hx othouichhhx Menmy coóofl 6jiaroAapsi qyBCTBam speHHH, ocHsaawa, axyca, oSohhhhh. Bue 3thx o&pa30B,
bochPhhthh, npeflCTaajieHHH MticAb nycTa, AHinetia xaxoro 6w to hh 6hjio
coAepjKaiHHa, t. e. oaa He cymeciByeT.
M. CTAJ
1MH
22 HKwia 1950 r.
T o e a p u u fy A . X o J lO tlO G y
Baffle HHCbMO n o jiya n ji.
Ono3Aaji HeMHoro c otbctom bbhay neperpy>xeHH0CTH pa6oToii.
Baiue nncbMo MOjiaajiHBO hcxoaht H3 Asyx npeAnoAoweHHii: H3 npeA- nojioxienHH o tom, hto flonycTHMo imrapoBaTb npoH3Befl,eHHf! Toro hjih hho- ro afixopa b o T p t i B e ot toto HCTopaaecKoro nepnojra, o xoTopoM xpax- TyeT PHTaTa, H BO-BTOpbIX, H3 TOrO npeftnOJIOH<eHHH, HTO Te HJIH HHbie BblBOAbl
h cJjopMyjibi MapiiCH3Ma, nojiyqennbie b pesyjibTaxe H3yqeiiH5i oahoi'o H3 ne- Phoaob HCTopaaecKoro pa3BHTiia, HBjiaioTca upaBiuibiibiMii aah Bcex nepno- AOB paaBHTHH H nOTOMy AOAXiHbl OCTaTbCH H e H 3 M e H H bl M H.
AojoKeH c.Ka3aTb, hto o6a sth npeAnoAO/XBHHH rAySoxo omnóoqHbi.
rlecKOAbKo npiiMepoB.
; “ eopoKOBbix roAax npouuioro Bexa, xorAa He SbiAo eme mohohoah- Hiecxoro xariHTaAH3Ma, xorAa xanHTaAH3M paaBHBajicsi 6oAee hah Menee
ha as ho no BocxoAmnefi ah h h h, pacnpocrpaHHHCb Ha HOBbie eme ne 3annTbie HM TeppHTOpHH, a 3aK0H HepaBHOMepHOCTH pa3BHTHH He MOr eme AeHCTBO- Haib e noAiiofi chaoh, — M apxc h SHreAbc npHuiAii x BbiBOAy, hto comia- AHciHqecxaH peBojiionHsi ire mojxct no6eAHTb b oahoh khkoh-a hGo erpaHe,
hto oHa MoxieT noCeAHTb AHiub b pe3yAbTaTe odmero yAapa bo Bcex hah b
OAbmHHCTBe PHBHAH30BaHHbIX CTpai-I. 3t0T BbIBOA CT3A HOTOM pyKOBOAHmHM nOAO>KeHHCM AAH Bcex MapKCHCTOB.
Oahhko b naqaAe X X Bexa, ocoSchiio b nepnoA nepBoft MHpoBoii; Boii- H ’ K0^ a Bcex cxaAO hcho, qxo xanHTajmaM AOMOHonoAHCTHqecxHfi hb-
°o p a3° M nepepoc b xanHTajiH3M MOHonoAHCTHqecxHH, xorAa xanHTa- BCKnitB0CX° WUłH l npeBpaTHACH b xanHTaAHSM yMiiparomHH, xorAa Boftira a a L n 3 Heil3JieqHMbie CAaÓocrH MHpoBoro HMriepHaAHCTuqecxoro (JipoHTa,
h HepaBHOMepHOCTH paaBHTHH npeAonpeAeaha pa3HOBpeMeHHOCTb co-
4 H. C TA JIH H
speeaiiHH npojierapcKOH pesojitoum b pasHbix cxpariax, - Jlenm hcxoä« H3 MapKCHCTCKOH TeOpHH, npHUICA K BblBOÄY, UTO B HOBblX
THH couHajiHCTHMecKaa peBOAiouHH BnojiHe MO*eT noöeAHTb b oahoh, OTAtuib HO B3HT0H CTP3H6, UTO OAHOBpeMeHHäH HOÖeAa COUHaAHCTHUeCKOH peBOAIO- BH „ BO DCeX CTpáHM HJIH B ' t o — .C T .. UM8HJIH30BaHHbIX CTpBH HBB03- MOJKHa BBHAV HepaBHOMepHOCTH BbiapCBaHHfl peBOJUOUHH B 3THX CTpaHaX,
“ a,paa JopuyAa Map^ca a SnreAbca y * e He coopere™ yex hobhm hctü- pH'ieCKHM yCJIOBHHM.
Ka« bhaho, Mbi HMeeM 3A&Cb aBa pa3AHUHHX BbiBOAa no Bonpocy o notie
r e con,HajiH3Ma, KOTopue He TOjibKO npoTHBOpeuaT A p y r A p y [ y> H0 H hckaio IOTI\a KHe - hh6yAb HaueTUHKH h TajiMyAHcra, KOTopue, ne bhhk3 h b ^cy- mecTBo Aejia, pHTHpytOT cJiopMaAbHO, b oTpbrne ot HCTopHuecKHx
MOrVT CKa3aTb, UTO GAMB M3 3THX BbIBOAOB, K3K 6e3yCJIOBHO HenpaBHAbHblH, S h öbiTb oTÖpomeH, a Apyroft b h b o a, kbk öeaycAOBHO n p a B H A « AOJi>KeH ßbiTb pacnpocTpaHeH Ha Bce nepHOAbi pasBHTHH. Ho ^apiccHeT MorvT He 3HaTb, uto HaueTUHKH h TajiMyAHCTbi ouiHÖaioTCH, ohh He Mory.
He 3HáTb ht o oóa 3TH BbiBOAa npaBHAbHbi, HO He ÓesycAOBHO, a KaJKAblH AAH CBoero BpeMeHH: b h b o a M apxca h Snre^bca - AAH nepHOAa «oMOHonara- CTHHecKoro KannTajiH3Ma, a bh b oa JleHHHa — a a h nepHOAa MOHonoAncraue CKoro KanHTajiH3Ma.
2 Surejibc b CBoeM «AHTH-JtiopHHre» roBopHA, uto nocne nooeAH co- HHaAHCTHHeCKOft peBOJUOUHH TOCyAapCTBO AOJI>KHO OTMepCTb.^ H a 3T0M OCHO- B3HHH n ocjie noöeAbi couHaJlHcrauecKoñ peBonrouHH b Hamen crpaHe-. amer-
HHKH H TaAMyAHCTbl H3 HaiUeñ napTHH CT3JIH TpeÓOBaíb, HTOÖbl napTHfl npH- HHjia Map h K CKopeümeMy otmh panino Harnero ro cyA a p e ra a , k poonyeuy rocYAapcTBeHHbix opraHOB, k oTKa3y ot iioctosihhoh apMHH. .
0 AH3K0 COBeTCKHe MâpKCHCTbl, Ha 0CH0B3HHH H3yueHHH MHpOBOH OÔCTa-
hobkh B Hame BpeMH, npnuiAH k bhboay, uto npn h3AHUhh KanHTanHCTHue- CKoro oKpyjKeHHH, kota a noöeAa counaAHCTHuecKofi peBOAioimu HMeeT Me-
cto TOjibKo b oahoh erpaHe, a bo Bcex Apyrnx crpaHax rocnoACTByeT Kann- T3AH3M cTpaHa noôeAHBiuefi peBOJUOUHH AOAJKHa He oaiaÖAHTh, a BceMepHO ycHJiHBaTb CBoe rocyAapcTBO, opraHH rocyuapcTBa, opraHH pasBeAKH ap- MHIO ecjiH 3Ta CTpaHa He xoueT 6biTb pa3rpoMJieHHon KanHTaAHCTHuecKHM OKDVHteHHCM PyCCKHe MâpKCHCTbl npHIUJIH K BHBOAy, ™ (popMj/Aa CÎHieJIb- ca HMeeT b bhav noôeAy couHajiH3Ma bo Bcex CTpaHax hjih b ôoAbUiHHCTBe crpan, uto oHa HenpHMeHHMa k TOMy CAyuara, KorAa couHaAHSM n o ô e ^ a e x B OAHOH, oTAeJibHO B3HTOH cTpaHe, a bo Bcex ApyrHX CTpaHax rocnoACTByeT Kdnr KHBMHAHO, Mbi HMeeM 3Aecb Ase pasnnuHbie cjiopMyAbi no Bonpocy o cvAbôax couHajTHCTHuecKoro ro-cyAapcTBa, HcnjiKiuaiomHe Apyr Apyra.
' HaueruHKH h TaAMyAHCTH MoryT CKaaaTb, uto sto oöcTOUTejibCTBO co- 3AaeT HeBbiaooHMoe noAOHteHHe, uto H yxu io oAHy H3 $opM yA OTöpocHTb, Kau eesycjioBHO oiiiHÔouHyio, a A p y ry io , KaK ÔeayCAOBHO npaBHJibHyio, — pacnpo- CTpaHHTb ea Bce nepuoAbi pa3BHTHH couHaJiHCTHuecKoro rocyAapcTBa. H o MâpKCHCTbl He MoryT ne 3Harb, uto HaueTUHKH h TaÀMyAHCTbi omnôaiOTCH, h6o o6e 3TH 4)opMyAbi npaBHJibHbi, ho hb aôcojnoTHO, a Ka>KAau a u h cBoeio BpeMeHH: c{)opMyjia coBeTCKHX MapKCHCTOB — ajih nepHOAa nooeAbi couua- AH3M3 b OAHOH hjih HecKOAbKHX CTpaHax, a (JiopMyAa S u re jib c a — AJIH Toro nepHOAa, KorAa nocAeAOBaTejibHau noöeAa couHaJiH3Ma b o tacabHbix e rp a Hax npHBeACT k noôeAe counaAH3Ma b ôOAbiuHHCTBe crpaH h KorAa co3Aa- AyTCH, T3KHM 00pa30M, HCOÔXOAHMbie yCAOBHH AA5I npHMCHeHHH CpOpMyAbl 3 erejibca
MhCAO T3KHX npHMepOB MO Hi HO ÔblAO Óbl yBBAJiUHTb.
To >Ke caMoe HyKHo CKaaaTb o AByx pasAHUHbix (jjopMyAax no Borrpocy OÖ 5I3bIKe, iBSHTbIX H3 pa3HbIX npOH3lBeACHHH CTBAHHa H ITip H B eACHH bl X T. AO;
jionoBbiM b e ro nucbMe.
O TBET T O B A P H IH A M 5
To b. X o jio n o B ccbiAaeTCH Ha n p oh3 be a ch he C ia jiH H a <<Oth o c h teJibHO Map- KCH3Ma B H3blK03H3:HHH», m e ACJiaeTCH BbIBOA, HTO B p e a y jIb T a te CKpemHBa- HHH, CKaHieM, ^ B y x H3MK0B, OffiHH H3 H3HKOB OÓblHHO BbIXOAHT HOÓeAHTejieM, a A p y ro ń oTMupaeT, h t o, cjreAOBaTejibHo, cKpemHiBauHe AaeT He Ka«ofi:-TO HOBbJH, TpeTHH H3bIK, a €OXpaHHeT OAHH H3 H3UK0B. T^aJiee OH CCHJiaeTCH Ha A p y ro u b ub o a, B3HTUH «¡3 AOKJiaAa C T a jiH H a Ha X V I c b e 3 A e B K H ( 6 ) , m e lOBopHTCH, hto b nepHOA^noóeAbi coHHajiH3Ma b m h d o b o m MacuiTaÓe, KOrAa o u H a jiH 3 M O K p e n a e i h b o h a b t b ó h t, 'H auH O H ajibH bie H3biKH n e M H H ye M o a o j i>k- HU CJIHTbCH B OAHIH OÓIUHH H3HK, KOTOpblH, «OHeHHO, He ÓyAeT HH BeJIHKOpyC- CKHM « H HeMeUKHM a HeM-TO HOBUM. O lH H H B 3TH A'Be (J,OpMyAbI H b h a h, h t o OHH He TojibKO «e coM iaaaioT A p y r c a pyroM , a h c k a m^ Tot A p y r A p y ra , t! Xo- hojj q r r : ™ He' <<p*3 CTaxbH B a m e ił, n a m e T o h b nacbM e, a no- KaKOH rr> g ą u ji o nn r ^ H3ŁI,K'0B 'H H K O r i a lHe MOJKeT HOJiyHHTbCH HOBblft B OAHH o6m,nfl». ^ ° ’ q ° nPH K ° M M y « H 3 M e H3bIKH COJIblOTCH
4)opM yjiaBMH Hh’ r Jiyói o k o^b e n n ° B O T K P ŁIB npoT H B opeH H e M « K A y s t h m h AByMa Bano CHHTaer h v j k h h m uaffn ’ HT° nPOTHBOPeilHe AOAjkh o óbiTb j ih k b h a h p o-
h yite n H T b ca 3a A P v rv io d i n n u ™ 8 ° T OAHoi* H3 $c>PMyji, Kan HenpaBHjibHOH,
ho 3a K a n y io h m c h h o c b o a M v KaK nP aBHJIŁHy 10 '5JIH Bcex BpeMeH h CTpaH, BPOAe « e s ^ S o r o ^ S r T r r S ' “ 011 ,He 3HaeT- n ^ a e r a HeiiT0
^ o p M y j i u m o t v t 6 b iT i n n n n HH> P oB ' ^ ,OJIonoB H He A o ra A M B a e T c a , h to o ó e P T " I ° r n P a B H J ib H b i.M H ,-K a > K A a H a a h c s o e r o BpeMGHH
B c y mec TB0 r H TajIMy * ‘HCXaMH< K o ro p a e , »e BHHKaa CKHM yCJIOBHHM O KOTODhIX^Tn 6 e30THO€HTeAbHO K TeM HCTOpHHe- xo A H o e noA O A ieH H e. P K iy tc n r UHTaTbi, HeH3M eBHo in o o a A a io T b ó e 3Bbi-
0CH0B3HHH ^ A H6 6 e 3 B b IM ^ [H m 6 P 3 ^ ^ B 'B0I1P 0Ce 110 CyipeCTBy, HeT HHK3KHX C T a A H H a < < 0 ™ T e f b H O M ^ n o jIo iK e H M - A e n o b t o m, hto d p o u n o p a Ha X V I c-besAe n a p THH h m pr i “ B a3Ł1'K03HaHHH>> « BbicTynaeuHe CTaAHHa BCAeACTiBHe Hero H r t m n w , , , W ° BH,Zly ^ Be C°®epIIieHHO pa3AHHHbie 3nOXH,
*oW::v j:i7 z z y z : r pa3jimnue- .
H3MKOB, HMeeT B BHAV s n ó w ° lTP ° UIIQPe > B H3CTH, K acaiO m eH C a 'CKpeiAHBaHHH M a c u iT a ifie , K o m a 3 « c n A v a ^ T ^ n o ó e A U c o u K a a n s M a b m h p o b o m c h a o h b M Hpe, KOTAa H a J i o H a A b H u f » a B JIfli ° TCH ro c n o A C T B y io m e ft H o rA a H apH O H ajibH aH 0 6 ^ 0 1 5 ^ ^ 2 , ' ^ 0CTaeTC„fl B c m e ’ A 6h h r o c v jia ń m P H H H M u eHHOCTŁ H B3aHM Hoe H eA oe epH e H a p a n 3 a « p e n - npajBHH KOTAa CKDeuiHBHHMp'JIHtiHaMH’ KOr-il a neT eme HauHO HajibH oro paBHo- noACTBo oaho to hb aabiKOB K o r n KOB np0H CX° AHT B n o PH* Ke 6o,pb6bI 33 r o c - CTBeHHOTO c o r n v n flm i0n ’ KOr,Zia H€T eiP e yCAOBHH AAH MHpHOTO H A p y H ie - COTpyAHHHeCTBo^H nca ™ Ha^ HB H H3UK0B, KOTAa Ha OHepeAH CTOHT He noSeAa Ap v t h x hi tt aHMrBoe ^ o r a ip e H H e h3u k o b, a accHMHjiapHH o a h h x h
noSeAHBHIHe H n l ! UOHflTHO’ qTO B T3KHX y«IOBHHX MOryT ÓbITb A H U lb
^O P M Y Jia Ct3 ru m o * A eH!Hbie H3bIKH. H ‘Me«HO 3TH yCAOBHH HM eeT B B H A y KOB AaeT B De3vnKTa°r ^ a OH^ r0lBQPHT’ h t o C K peipH B aH H e, G KajKeM , A ® y x H3bi- S3UK0B H n o p a Ł HHeTApHyro0roPa30BaHHe ’HOBOr° H3ŁIKa’ 3 n ° 6eA y ° AHOr° H3 Ha X V i ° c ^ n e ^ a n l m flp y r 0 i'1 (i)0 PMy jIŁ I CTaAHHa, B3HTOfl H3 BbICTynAeHHft H3bIK, T0 3 rreCh H P ^ B iqaCTH' KacaromeńCH CAHHHHH H3UKOB B OAHH oSipi-iH n o e e A u c o „ „ a " 7 A P y r a a 3 n o x a > a hmbhho_ 3 n o x a n o c i e nePHaAH3Ma !HeU6 v A e T v>ko f, B0 ®'ceMHPH0M M a cu iT a Ó e , kotah MHpoBoro hm- Bepr,Hy Xu H a im o H ^ n , B H a jIH 'IHH> » K e n A y a T a T o p c K H e K A a c c u Ó y A y T h h3 - PMOHajibHaa oSocoeAeHHoo/il X 0 ^ ° HH aJIbH blfl r «eT ÓyAeT j i h k bha hp o s ah, Ha- B3aHMHUM AOBepaeM h HOe BeA'OB6PHe H a « Hft G yA yT 3 a Me H e H u A eT npeTBODCHO R 6AH>KeHHeM H3IIHH, HailHOHajIbHOe paB H O npaB H e 6 v - AHKBHAHpOBana C O T D Y n H H ^ ™ ^ 3 tI0 A a B ^ e H H ir H BCCHMHAHU.HH H3HK0B ÓyAeT
P B a H a > c o pyA H H n ecT B o «aU H H Ó yAeT « a A a ^ e a o , a h a u ho h a a b h u e
H. C TA JIH H
ii3biKH ô y^V T HMCTb BO3M0>KHOCTb c b o ö o a h o o ô o ra m a T b A p y r Ä p y ra b n o - ï ï e c o r p VAU h i eci'B a . Ho h h t h o, hto b 3t h x ycjio B H H x He M O * e r ÖHTb h pena 0 noÄB'BJiöHHH h nopajKöHH'H o a-h h x h noöeA e A p y rn x H3MKOB. 3;xecb Mbi 6 y J ieM HMÊTb J& JIO HC C ÄByMH H3HK3MH, H3 KOTOpblX OA»H TepilHT nOpaJKeHHe, a n n y r o H b m x o ä h t h3 6opb6bi n o Ô e flH T e jie M , a c c o t h h m m H a u H O H a jib H b ix h3h- k o b h? KOTOpblX b p e s y i b r a T e ^ H r e j t b H o r o 3 k o h omh n e c K o ro , n o jih th h e c K o r o H KV-JibTypHoro coTpyAHHHecTBa h a u, hh óyAyT BbiAejiHTbC H c n a n a J ia H a n ó o J ie e o ß o r a m e H H b ie eA H U bie 3 0 H a jib H b ie s b h k h, a h o t o m a o H a J ib H b ie h b u k h coJibioTCH B OAHH OÖIUHH M O K A y H a p O A H b lH H3 bIK, -KOTOpblH, KOHßHHO, lie 6 y A e T HH Iie M e U - KHM, -HH pyCCKHM, HH 3H T A H HCKH M , a HOBbIM H3 H KO M , BOÖpaBLHHM B CeÔH Jiy
UlHe 3 A€Me-HTbI HaUHOHaJIb-HblX H 3 0 H aA b H bIX H3 bIK0 B.
C A e A O B a T e A b H O , A® e p a â A H H H b ie (jlO p M y J Ib l COOTBeTCTByiOT A fly M p a 3 JIH H - H biM anoxaM p a3B H T H H o û m e c iB a , h h m6h h o n o x o M y , h t o ©hh COOTBeTCTByiOT h m, 0 6 e c b o p M y A b i n p a B H J ib H b i,— K a x iA a n a a s c B o e ń s it o x h.
TpeßoBaTb HToébi 3th (JiopiwyAH He HaxoAHAHCb b npoTHBopenHH A p yr c ApyroM , HTOÔbi ou h He HCKJHOH3AH A p y r A p y r a , - T3K >ne HeJieno, k b k 6w io6u Heiieno TpeôoeaTb, h to ô h anoxa rocnoACTaa KanHTajmsMa He HaxoAHJiacb b n p 0THB-0 p e H H H C 3110X00 rOCnOACTBa C0UH3AH3 Ma, HTOÔbl C0U,HajIH3M H 'Karii-i- T 3A H 3 M H e H C K A Í0H 3A H A P y T A p y r a . „ Ł ID _
HaqeTHHKH h xajiMyAHcxbi paccMaxpHaaiOT MapxcH3M, oTAejibHbie bmbo-
A b l H ib o p M y J Ib l M3pKCH3Ma, K&K CO-ÔpailHe AOTMaTOB, K O T O pbie «¡HHKOrAa»
He H3 MC H H IOTCH, HeCM O TpH Ha H3MCH6HHC yCJlOBHH p a 3 B H T H H O Ö ipeC TB a. Ü H H A V M 3 IO T HTO eCAH OiHH 3ayH3T HaH3yCTb 3TH B blB O A bl H (J lO p M y jlb l H H 3 H H y T HX UHTHpOBaTb BKpHiBb H BKOCb, TO OH H Ô y A y T B COCTOHHHH p C U ia T b JlIO Ô bie B O npO - c b i B pacneTe, h t o s a y n e H -H b ie b u b o a u h « p o p M y jm r ip u r o A H r c H h m Aüh Bcex BPeM6H h C T p a H , a a h acex C J iy n a e B b x h3h h. Ho T a x M o r y r
KHe juoah, KO TO pbie BHAHT ÔyKBy M a p K C H 3 M a , ho «e bh a hT e ro cym ecraa,
s a y H H B a io T T e ñ e r a b m b o a o b k 4>opMyji MapKCHSMa, ho «e n-O H H M aioT hx co- fleP>MapKCH3M ecTb Hayna o aanowax passHTHH npnpoAbi h oömecTaa, nayna o D6B0A1OHHH yrHeTeiiHbix H 3 Komi y ara py e m bi x Macc, Hayna o noôeAe coiwa- jiH3Ma bo Bcex cTpaiHax, Hayna o crpoHTeAbCTBe noMMyHHCTHHecKoro oome- CTB3 Map-KCHBM, nan nayna, ne MOxeeT croarb Ha oahom MecTe—oh paaon-
• saeTcn h coBe-pmeHCTByeTCH. B cs-oeM pasBHTHH Mapiccna-M ne mojkbt He oöora-
UiaTbCH HOBbIM O nblTO M , HOBbIMH 3 H 3 H H H M H , C AeA O B aTeA bH O , OTAe A blîb IC e i O ( b o p M y A H h B b lB O A b l n e M o r y T n e HSMeHHTbCH c T e n e H H e M Bp e M eHH n e M O r y r He saMWMTbCa HOBbIMH (jjOpMyAaMH H BbIBOAaMH, O O O TBeTCTByiO m HM H H-OBblM
HCTOPHHeCKHM 3 a A 3 H a M . M a p K C H 3 M He n p H 3 H a e T -H6H 3 M 6H H b l X BHBOAOB H (pop-
ï . y ™ S S â r e “ bH«x m a c ix snox « « p m m M a p ™ m n a a q m » BCH KO ro AOrM3TH3Ma.
H. CTAJIHH
28 Hiojisi 1950 ro/ia.
J l . o c T H ü c e m i s i H a y K H h i i e p e ^ O B o r o o n t i T a —
E K O J l X Q 3 H O e H C O B X O S H O e n p O H 3 B O J 3 ’C T B O
CKorO °ha n n n fl1 Hu n J n n l * 8&HHeM HapTHH JleH H H a — C T a jIH H a H B c e r o COBeT- X 0 3 flü c T B a Ha ñ n q p v n b C03AaHHe K p y n H o ro cou,Ha.nH CTHHecKoro c e jib c n o r o co6a npoHSBOACTBa b S l S e V “ Xpa0rf n ° 6eAa C0UHaJIHCTHHeCK0r0 cno' UI6HHH ypoKafiHocTH b oSp» o rK PbIAa GearpaHHHHbie npocTSpfai ajih noBbi- c e jib c K o x o s a ñ c T B e H H H x S P° CTa If HB0TH0B0JlCTBa’ COS^aHHH H3o6HJIHH SJibHoe npeflBHfleHHe TnRan íy K T ° B- Bfl0Bb H BH0Bb no^TBepjKaaeTCH reHH- npoH3B0flCTBo oCuiecTRPH ^ UJ'a C 'rajlHHa> J««aaBinero, hto «TOJibKo KpynHoe Hbie HayKH H hobvio T e x H u * 0 ™ na CfIOC° 6 H° Hcnojib30BaTb bo-bcio ¿aH- BHTHe Harnero c¿ iM > xnrn Ky H ABHHy Tb BnepéA-ceMHMHjibHbiMH w araM H pa3-
HapTHH
pacnbuiéHHbix KpecTbHHCKHv „o6ecneq'H<na nepeooA mhjijihohob MejiKHX, 30B, MamHHHo-TpaKTODHHx / 03íIHCTB Ha PejIbCW KO^XOSOB, COSflaHHe COBXO- aoBarejibctcHx yupeauieHHft £ TaHUH®. cejibCKoxoaañcTBeHHbix HaynHo-Hocjie- Hecxyio Gaay; oho Henoeor H am e ce",[b&Koe xoshhctbo HMeer M om uyio t b x h h- Bcé S ojibuie’ bh€;íp h k)Tch IBH° lioopy>Kae,TCH nepeAOBoft- MauiHHHOÍi TexHHKoft.
SJieKTpHHeCTBO. B ;i.epeBHe B CejlbCKÜXO3HBCTBeHH0e npOHSBO/ÍCTBO XHMHH H arpoHOMOB, TpaKTopHCTOR BbIpaille!IbI aaMeBarejibUbie K a ;ip u cneunajincTOB — ypoxfaeB h nepeAOBHiKOB >r KOMl^ a'BHePÜB> UOJiaa ap.MHH MacTepoB b h c o kh x
B cé 3TO HBHJIOCb
cejibCKoro X03añcTBa ro- rpaHAH03Hbix ycnexoB counajiHCTHnecKoro H o6ojibiueB H KaM H e¿BofterR B1MH n ° n PaBy r o PAHTCH Bce coBeTCKHe jt o a h. CTpeMHTCH Bnepéfl, r h o b u 6HH0 y cnoKaHBaTBc fl Ha AocTHrHyxo.M: ohh e ceraa
^añuiee pacnpocTpaHeHHe M / cn'exaM Ha & n aro « a p o fla . OSoSmenHe h m apo- X03HHCTBeHH0H npaKTHKH BeHHbIX Hay[íHbix oTKpbiTHH h nepeAOBoft CeJIbCKO- nJiomaAHx eme HeBHAaHHwe vnn J ° 3MOÍI<HOCTb n o jiy HaTb Ha BCex noceBHHX neHHBaTb B M acurrañax 30 sepHOBbix h TexHHHecKnx KyjibTyp, o6ec- aoACTBa. ' H CTPanbi BbicoRyio npo/tyKTHbHOCTb jkhbotho- sepeHHbie n p a K T m fn ^ n n r 0 yKPynHeHHe MejiKHx.-KojixoáoB 3aKpen/iHeT npo- XOSHHCTBa B AepeBHP n PraHH3aUH0HHbIe 4>OPMU KpynH oro KOJIJieKTHBHOfb 35iHCTBa, 4-ro6bi K o « n p T l f TeM’ V ° 6bl noAHHTb KyAbTypy cenbCRoro xo- OBJiaAejlH HCRVCCTROM rj H H P^OTHHKH C0BX030B nO-SojlbUieHHCTCKH OGHOBe nepcAOBOH Ha w !rAeHHH KPynH0ÍLo couHajiHCTHHecKoro xosaficTRa Ha oGecneneH AajibHeñum » n n ü a "eXHHKH‘ To,JIbKO Ha 3T0M n y ™ m o híct óbiTb HayKH H npaKTHRH ~ BajRH^ftinHft6 ubCK0r0 X03HñcTBa- TecHoe coApywecTBo B MaiIIHHHO TpaKTOpHblX cÍ m S HHHK Pa3BHT«» K0JIX030B, C0BX030B B MHpe, MHqypHHCK o ñ °a rn o ñ H n ^n r X03Hñ™ soopyxíeH o caMoñ nepeaoBon y n p a Bjie HHH Z hThIk HayKoñ’ KOTOPan o xR p u^a aaROHbT H A0^i>KeH HanpaBJiHTb pasenTHe * HB0THhIX’ ^ o x a 3ajia, u ro qejiOBeK MoxceT CB0HX «HTepecax, C03/t a BaTi hoI I h ™ ™ “ “ H >KHB0THbIX opraHH3MoB b Be MaccoBoro couHaj?HCTH«ecK<Sí Í ° PMU pacreHHñ H '^ o 'n m x . H a ocho- 1PYAa TblCHHH H TbICHMH T nvw p C°P eBHOBaHl1H « CTaXaHOBCRHX MeTOflOB n v m HHHOñ Tex«HK0ft H M H 4 y p í* K 0 ñ C>arnnfiJIbCK0r0 X03HBCTBa O B W B a r o r n y iH AocTHrHVTbi peavjibT-rr . arpoSHOjiorHHecKoñ HayKoñ. H a btom
- pt-3yjibTa rbi, coaepmeHHo HeAOCTynHbie KanHtajiHCTHHe*
8
IIE P E A O B A H
ckomv cejibCKOMy xosancTBy. TaK, cnGnpcKaa K0JIX03HHU3 AHH3 Gepreesa BbipacTHJia ypo>xañ apoBon nuieHnnbi cBbiuie 90 ueHTuepoB c reKTapa. A Ba>K4 repon CouHajiHCTH^ecKoro T p y w Bac™ B a rb o s a y * e «ecxoabko Aer noAPaA coÓHpaeT 9 0 - 1 0 0 h óoAee ueHTuepoB xAonxa c reKTapa. Kojixoshh
Ubi A A . riapMyaHua na J/xpanne a Cypaxan KañHa3apoBab Knprn3HM nony- Haior y p o *a ñ CBéKJibi no 500— 1000 neHraepoB c reKTapa. B coBxose «Kapa- BaeBO», Koctpomckoh oóJiacTH, h b KOJixoae HMeHH CTajinna, JlyxoBHUKoro paño na, Mockobckoh ofíjiacTH, aohpkh naflanBaiOT 3a jiaKTaunio «o 10 t u
Can JIHTDOB M O AO Ka OT KOpOBU.
npnMepu npenpacHoñ pacora eerb b aio6om panoHe-mamen crpaHU, b
jno6oñ OTpacjw counaAHCTnnecKoro cejibCKoro xo3HHCTBa. lojibKn 3a Apa roAa okoao 110 T u c á n nepeAOBHKOB cejibCKoro xo3ancTBa Harpa>KAeHH opAenaMH h MMajMMH Gotosa CGP. Eoaee 4 Tucán
seMJieAejMH n mnBOTHOBOACTBa yAocToenu Bucoxoro
jmcTtmecKoro TpyAa. 3th 3aMeaaTeAbHbie MacTepa ceAbCKoro xo3ancrBa npiiMeHaiOT MeTOAbi paño™, AOCTynHbie b KaxcAOM KOAX03e h coBX03e, kbjk- noñ MaiUHHHO-TpaKTOpHOH CTaHU,HH. „
nepeAOBHKH-MHUypHHUbl oSoraTHAH CeJIKCK0X03HHCTBeHH0e npOH3BOA-
ctbo BaJKHeñniHMH arpoTexHHnecKHMH npneMaMH, b nacraocTH, TaKHMH, xaií noAKopMKa pacTeHHñ, nocaA«a Kyxypyau n KapTo^ejia kb a Aparao-rhe3aobum chocoGom H T. A. KaKHe GoraTbie peayAura™ cyAHT ceAbCKOMy xosflHCTBy Ta- Kne HOBinecTBa, mojkho cyAHTb xoth 6bi Ha npHMepe noAKopMKH 03HMbix
hpobux KVAbTyp. OnuT MHornx koaxobob üOKaaaJi, hto cBoeBpeMeHHaa hoa-
KO PM Ka 3epH0BblX KyAbTyp MeCTHbIMH H MHHepajIbHHMH yAOdpeHHHMH yBeAH-
“»Baei YpLaSHOCTÍ «a 2 - 3 itfHT-epa c reKTapa. B imwefi crpaHe HpoBbie a oanMbie KyAurypu saHHMaioT AecaTKH mhaahohob r e K T a p o Bs H a n n r , no- BceMecxHoe npoBeüeHHe TOAbKO oahoto aroro MeponpnaTHH yBeAHHHT bsaoboh
c6op 3epHa Ha necKOAbKO cot mhaahohob nyAOB. Mah B3HTb Apyron npmviep.
K0JIX03H H C0BX03H YKpaHHu, no nonnny saMeqaTejibHOTO koaxoshoto onbiT- HHKa Fepoa ConHaAHCTHaecKoro TpyAa M apxa Osepuoro npHMeHHAH KBaApax- H0-rHC3A0BOH cnocoó noceBa KyKypy3U. 3totioqboahao mnpOKO nonouibsoBaTb MexaHHSMbi npn Me*Ayp«AHofr o6pa6oTKe KyKypyau h na necKOAbKO ueimie- Pob noAHaAO eé ypoxtañHOCTb na k3íkaom reKTape. JlerKO npeACTaBUT , K3K yBeAHHHAca 6bi oómnfi c6op KyKypyabi, ecAH 6u Taxon onocofi noceBa Oha
BBeAén bo Bcex KOAXOsax h coBxoaax, rAe 3Ta KyAurypa BOSAeAbiBaeTca!
HeAasHO UenTpaAbHbiñ Komptct B K n (ó ) npnnaA nocxaHOBAenne o no- CTaHOBKc neAa nponaraH Abi n BHeApeHna AOCTnaíeHHñ m ym n nepcAOBoro
« á S ckSm xoaaacTBe. B a ro » „ o c ja H ^ a e » ™ onpef l = n y ™ HOBoro M om no ro noA-béMa ceAbCKoro xoaancTBa na ocHOBe nAanoBoro n cncTeMaTnnecKoro BHeApeHna b nponsBOACTBO ueHHUX HaynHbix o t k p u t h h n nCpen°ponXaraHraAnBB?eApeHHe AOCTHHíeHnñ HayKH,-. t&xhhkh h nepeAOBoro onbiTa b Konxowoe n coBX03Hoe npoH3BOACTBO HBAHioTca Ba>KHeñiuHM rocy- AapCTBOHHblM AeJIOM. OAH3KO CeAbCKOXO33HCTB0HHble OpraHbl, HaHHHaa c Mh- HHCTepcTBa ceAbCKoro xo3ancTBa C C C P n MnHHCTepcTBa cobxobob C C L P , MHorne MeenHue napTannue opraHHaannn ao ohx nop oTHocHAHCb K^axoiMy
nejiy naccHBHO, He thik, xan cneAyeT oTHOOHTbca k Bonpocy GoAbuion rocy- AapctbeHhon 'B3JKHOCTH. B pe3yAbTaTe AOCTB3K&HHH HayKH h nepeAOBOH npa«- THKH npHMeHHKDTCH, K3K npaBHAO, TOAbKO T3M, FAe pyKOBOA'HTeAH, OneUHa- AHCTbl HAH OTAeAbHbie KOAX03HHKH, paGOTHHKH M IC H COBXO30B C3MH OpOHB- AHIOT B 3TOM HHHUHaTHBy.
Cobxo3 «KapaBaeBo» mnpoKO npnMeHaeT mn n y pe h c kne mctoabi h a o- GnBaeTca HCKAtonnTeAbno bh c o k o h npoAyKTHBHOCTH cko t3. KapaBaeBo noce- m aioT paóOTHHKH ceAbCKoro xoaañcTBa yK p a n u b i, KaBKa3a, C nonpn, c ieM htoGh no3anMCTBOBaTb o nu T KapaBaeBCKnx » h b o th o bo a o b. Ho Hnnero eme He cAeAaHO, htoGu btot onu-r, HaynHbie AOCTHJKeHna pafíoTHHKOB c o B x o ja CT3AH OÓHSaTeAbHblMH A AH 3KHBOTHOBOAOB. B,a>Ke MeCTHbie, KOCTpOMCKHe opraHHaauHH npoaBAaioT CTpaHiioe paBHOAymne k nepeAOBOMy o nu -ry, n ne
riE P E flO B A H 9
c jiy q a f t H o b K o c T p o M C K o ñ o ö jia c T H M eT O A b i p a ô o T b i K a p a B a e B C jŒ x o o o T e x - HHKOB, aO H p O K , CKOTHHKOB He nO JiyHHJIH LUHpOKOTO p a c n p o c T p a H e H H a . K c o -
> K a jie H H K ), 9 T 0 He e flH H H H H b iH c jiy q a f t . H e p e f lK o n e H H e in in ie n a y r a b i e o T K p b i- t h h, HO Bbie n p n ë M b i h M e T O A b i, p a 3 p a ö o T a H H b ie rie p e A O B H K a M H c e J ib C K o ro X03H H C T B 3, H6 H aXO A H T M aCCO BO rO HpH M eH eH H H B K 0 J IX 0 3 H 0 M H C 0 B X 0 3 H 0 M npO H 3BO ÄC TBe HJIH BHCApHIOTCH H e A O n yC T H M O M eflJieH H O .
Ce.nbCKoxo3HHCTBeHHbie opraHbi ao nocjieAHero BpeMeHH, no cymecTBy, He njiaHnpoBajiH TeMamny HaynHo-HccjiejioBaTejibCKHx ynpesmeHnn. R Mh- HHCTepcTBe cejibCKoro X03ańcTBa CCCP h ManncTepeTBe cobxo3ob CCCP He Obijio cHCTeMbi oöoömeHHH nepeAOBoro onbua, He pa3pa6aTbiBajracb n p e ^jio - -'beiiHH no o6H3aTeJibHOMy BHeapeHHio-Bo Bce KOJixo3bi, cobxo3h H M TC Hayq-
^bix OTKpbITHH, a TaKKe AOCTHKeHHH nepeflOBHKOB H HOBaTOpOB cejibCKoro Tanaa n p a x T H K a He H M e eT H n n e r o o ö u x e r o c ö o jib in e B H C T C K H M cn ijie M pyKOBOÄCTBa. Oa h h m H3 BajKiieftffliHX npHHUHnaB öojibineBHCTOKoro pyKOBOA- H oe3 * n BJIHeTCH ^ MeHbe B o -B p e M H saMenaTb H '-n o A A o p x K H B a T b B c ë uporpeocuB- B e n e b i°CJle T O r° ’ „KaK HOBbie^lHayHHbie-OTKpblTHil, H O B bie (joOpM bl p a Ô O T b l npo - MaecH t 'n PaKTHK0H> hx HaAo »eMOA-neHno AeJiaTb aoctosthhem caMbix innpoKHX BHTt,’ n f ! ! Meif I0BaTb AJIÍI OÖH3aTeJIbHOrO BHeapeHHH ß np0«3B0üCTB0, CTa-
0 „ H KOMMy-HBCTBHeOROMyiCTpOHTeJIbCTBy.
HaVHIIblX M H3 Ba* HeHHIHX yCJIOBHH IHHpOKOTO BHeapeHHH B npOH3BOÄCTBO CTCMaT i 0TKPblTHH h AOCTHHCeHHH HOBaTOpOB IîpOH3BOACTBa HBJlfleTCH CH-.
Kniï' meCKOe noBbiuieHHe ArpoTexHHnecKHX h 30OTexHHiiecKHX 3H3hhh Bcex BOlUHT !!HKOB’ PHÖOTHHKOB M TC H COBXO30B. PtoöhoSeonenuTb POCT npOH3- a a ji b ne f bH 0CT a TP ^ a > neoßxojiHiMbiH jvin nepexoAa k komm yh h3imy , rpeöyeTCH r y p H0 ™Jee cOJmJKe-HHe nayicn-H aipOH3©OACTBa, HeyKAOHHbiH noAteM Kyjib- ypOB'Hfl X™ MeCKOro ypO'BiHH TpyÄJHHHXC«, B TOM HHCJie KOJIXO3HHK0B, Ä'O CKoe inaaia' 0THH:K0B HH jkchepHO-rex© hnee Koro Tpy«a. 3to 03«anaeT rwraHT- BHaauHio^nn” 6 nP0,H3B0AH'TeAbHbix chjt, orpoMHbift pocT npo'H3BOACT©a, jih k- 3HHeCKHM P0rHBOnojI'0l>K,HOcTH MOKAy TpyAOM yMCTBCHHblM H TpyAOM Cj)H- Hauieö em ane ^JI"T^ f HO"TexrTHliecKoro ypoB«a TpyAHmaxcst coBepmaeTCH b
xypeax h b K D v*6 6oJIee e tr coKHiMK TeMna.MH. E*eroA'HO «a paajiHHHbix X030B H M T C H KaX ° ^ y qa!OTCH MHJIJIHOHM KOJ1X03HHKOB, paÓOTHHKOB COB- npOBefleHH'H n0p He 6bIJI° CTP'0r°H CHCTeMbi B OpraHHSaUHH H kpvjkkh ° H a rP°TeXHHqecKoft h 3ooTexHuHeoKoä yieöbi. MHorne
> 1 “ « W ™ ’ c jia ö o orpa-
pa3pa6oTawHMo o o " - nPHeMbI « MeTOflbi BeAöHHH cejibCKoro xosHÖCTBa, Hay'Kon h nepe^oBoß npaKTHKOH. Huor^a KpyjKKaMH pyxo- HJaTejiH kpvjkikor1 Pa3raHPai0IPlHecH-B Bonpocax cejibCKoro xo3HÖCTBa. C,ny- cocTaßjieHHbix1 rin’ ceMHHa'P0'B H Kypcos He noJiyyajiH CTaÖHJibHbix wocoöhh, B CeJIbCKOXOH1N“eHHTejIfaH>0 K P33J1HHHbIM CejIbCK0X03HHCTBeHHbIM 30HaM.
iHTejibHo Ba*eH 3HHCTBeHH° ^ n Po n a ra HÄe, b oöyneHHH kojixo3hhkob hckjho- pe^Ko b«aKOM n-u!?™ HÄHbli'1 'noKa3 nepe^oBbix mbtoaob h cJiopM Tpyaa. H o B HeMHoroHHc riPHHiîiv !M0* H0 BCTPe™Tb hoctohhho AeHCTByiomyro BUCTaoKy.
CejIbCKOM X03iIMrTRpbX Hayi,H<0' n0nyjTiIPHbIX ÄOKyMeHTaJlbHblX (|)HJIbMaX 0 HeAocTaTKH K nañ ’ KOTOPbie BbInycKaK)TCH Ha sKpaH, hmciotch cepbëaHbie npHBJieKaiOTCH l n „ <,re Hafl Hay'l,H0‘ nP0naraHÄHCTCKHMH (jlHJIbMaMH cjiaöo arp o 6 H o jio rH q p e ifn fłCy,,IbTaHTŁI m qHCJia ÄeaTejieH nepeAOBoñ cobctckoh HH AOKYMeHTa iTKm tv B' 3T0M' °AHa H3 TJiaBHblX npHHHH HH3KOTO ypOB- B CejIbCKOM xo3HHCTBeHJILM0B ° Ä0CTH>KeHHHX «ayKH H nepeAOBOH npaKTHKH 3HacTBaHHHTelP6 x ^ i , ^ t Hefimer0 rII0P'bëMa couHaAHCTHnecKoro ceabCKoro xo- 3ooTexHHHecKorn nA,m„° ^ eHHOe y^ynuieHHe MaccoBoro arpoTexHimecKoro h
Pa6oTHHKaeC^eTbCK°o^nqeYnifa BpKOJ1X03aî ’ C0BX03ax 11 M T C - Tenepb, kopab ot
ceBoo6°pOTa> Hayimoñ o6i;a6 ™ "P f6J f TC.H.„3.HaHHe 0CH0B TpaBonoAbHoro 3OBaTb TeXHHKy, HeAb3H noHBbi, yMeHbe npoH3BOAHTeAbHO HcnoAb-
OI’paHHHHBaTbCH KpaTKOCpOHHblMH CeMHHapaMH,
10
IlEPEflOBAfl
z z z v ^ z z z ,
KOpeHHtJM OfipeBO» W J - m HTb° " S o ™ paSOTOfi na y ,,K a » c c a = Ä M a ™ fcc ™ r ' p= ™ > «», nnram i30BaTb arpoT exiiH iecK oe h so o re x iiH ie c K o e oöyqem ie Roaxoa MHKOB naôoTHHKOB M I C h C0BX030B. P a 3pa 6 oTaHHaa napiHCH h npaBHTejTbCTBOM GHcreMa Maccoaoro a rp o -30oTexHHy€CKoro ofiy'i€HHH CooTBeT- rTRver HOBOMv STanv B pasBHTHH comía,nHCTHqecKoro ce jib cho ro xosaHCTBa.
B I ?om ro a y H a m .,aere» mnroTOBKB MaccoBbix cejlbCKOXOSHHCTBeHHbix KMpOB . . . Kvn(.ax c TDëxjieTHHM cpoKOM oóyneHHa 6e3 orpbiBa ot n p o iu BOjiCTBa C B TeneHne riepBoro roA a kojtxo3hhkh, paóoTHHKii cobxo30B 6 y J y T oBJianesaTb oÖHsaxexbHbiM MHHHMyMOM a r P0T% H™ KHX ^ annTPXHHqeCKHX 3HaHHIl, HeOÖXOflHMblX AJIH paÖOTbl B row hah HHOa nxpacjiH xo3íiHCTBá. nporpaM M a BToporo h Tpexbero r o jo s ^yHeHHj m ian o Jia ra e T noAroxoBKy MacTepoB cejibCKoro xo3HHCTBa B roporo h nep B ^ p a a p a flO B SaKOHBHBmHM y & y 6yÄex npHCBaHsarbca ana«*» m_ cxepa
’ o ro xo3flficTBa h BwaaBaTbCH anecTa-r c yKa3aHHeM nojiyieHHoń c S S S Ï Ï o î S B noMomb Tpy>KeHHKaM A e p W H g ÿ « « « * - - iurajibHbiH !<ypc «ArpoHOMHH na AOMy», a xaK>Ke MaccoBan 6h6' ™ ° ™ X03HHK3 h cfipHB ruiaKaioB, nonyjmpH3i>py ioluhx ^ c^ HX a, b\ r «H0B0c™
nPnPBHH 6 v n v T e>K6MeCHlIHO BHXOÄHTb UBCTHbie KHHOtpHAbMbl «MOBOCrw ce^bCKoro X03HÍÍcxBa». TaKiiM oöpaaox co3ä«k>tch YCAobhh jum to ro , yo ö b . Z r Z Z Z a y m» nepepoBoro ornara crajn. m m ą m ™ P ° ™ » « « "
K0 J1X0 3 HHK0 B, paÔOTHHKOB M I C H C0BX03OB. nDOCTO COÓpaTb OöoömaTb h nportaraHAHpoBaxb onbiT He 3Ha,HT „ B03M0HÍH0 ño.ltm ee KOmieCTBO łHKTOB H K x O M M O
ueHHOe IiayBHO o60CHOBMB3Tb OHHT nepePOBllKOB np0H3- S G S i S S "t (ipOBBOpb, HJIH JieKHHH, r « pOH„ « m « M > » S m ï p S b l I. He BCKPWBBIOTCH MBTOflbl paßOTb,, OTCyTCTBytOT BblBO- nw Jaa'<jnoneHHH o HawfioAee cywecxBeHHOM b onbire toto hah hhofo nepe.o Ä T ö Ä » . , - « o í ™ cxaxbB B raaexe, < ^ m a * m a a j n e p « * « » nnwT nnn>KHa noejK^e Bcero orBe^aTb na Boripoc, k a k äocth y y -
a -opt na .tot Bonpoc oTcyTCTByeT bo mhofhx KHiirax, H3naBaeMbix S b X 0 3 r H 3 0 TM H MCCTHblMH H 3 Ä 3 T C A b C T B a M H. BpOÜPOpb, neCTPBT T3KHMH HH-
« r „= HpasHMHl «nocen.™ B J'y'BBne
»auHvto rnvfiHHV» «CeHJlH XOpOIllHMH CeMe.HaMH» 'H T. A- I lOHTH HCT KHMT Hay T J x S S hah HayHHbix koaackthbob, oßoömaKUHHX onbix noAyneHHH
v S o ia e B HJIH onbiT AOCTH>KeHHH BHCOKOH npOAyKTHBHOCTH JKHBOTHO- ßoACTBa XOTH y nac >meeTCH ôoAbuioe koahbêctbo HaynHo-HCCAeAOBaTeAbCKHx
— L x yqpeiKAeHHft, BbicuiHX h cpeAHnx yneÖHbix saBeAeHim, S í l í S S S r ciocoÖHbix cnemiaAHCTOB. OaKXbi cBHMrejibOTBywr n uHSKOM vPOBHe iiavPHoro oöoömeHHH nepeAOBoro onbiTa, o tom, ato H3Aa- ÍeAbCTBa^ n v a Z V \ L m t n o r o tapehom - Äarb MaxcHMyM noxbSH npawHxe.
HeoßxoAHMo peiiJHTeAbHO yayiuiH Tb ocBemeHHe nepeAOBoro o n m a
» » "cp — < * » » •
s ä t s ä s ä ä
in x iio JieKUHH h a r porc X h u ii ec, kh X ßeceA — oce sto hbao »cnoAb30BaTb AJi
„ ^ f Z S S e H H O e „pMUBOBCTBO CT3BHTCH BO-rOCySapCTBeHHOMy, C r e « PB3M.1XO» H « e ^ H¿ 5 ^ ¡ J ^ ^ ? ™ p^ 2 r n ÍK o rS T? M a llc ™ ,o C C C P ™ b M » % “ c™ ePaxj°oTHKOBOÄCTBB C C C P cosaaioTCH rjiaB H bie ynpasjieHH,,. »
IT E P E flO B A H 11
MHHHCTepcTBe cobxo3ob CCCP — ynpaBjieHHe cejibCKoxo3HHCTBeHHoñ npo- naraHflbi, ynpaBjieHHH cenbCK0X03HHCTBeHH0H nponaraHUbi co3naiOTCH b mh- ce^[Te^ CTBaX C0J°3HbIX pecnyÓJiHK, b oónacTHbix h KpaeBbix ynpaBJieHHHX m n tC^ ° ro X03HHCTBa‘ “ pañoHax pyKOBoncTBo cejibCK0X03flñcTB©H«0ñ npona- nnñnl>H H BHeílPeHHeM HocTHHceHHft nayKH h nepenoBoro onbira b npaKTHKy L n l ? * “ K0JTX030B B°3JiaraeTCH na rp yn n y HandoJiee noaroTOBjienHbix CTBa ' CT0B B° rJlaBe c aaBenyrouiHM pañoHHbiM OTnejiOM cejibcxoro xoaañ- X03HftC-nWTHHM r!rfrpaHM H3 MeCTaX <>6fl3aHbI He TOJIbKO nOMOraTb CejIbCKO- H«g Havkh H n p n p n !aM B HajIa*™ a » H H nponaraHUbi « BHenpeHHH nocTHJKe- nOJIHHJIH ™ mn n r i n / . B° ' ° 0rtbITa: OHH nOJI/KIlbl /lOfDHTbCH TOrO, HTOÓbl Bbl yiipe>KaeHHH arHTaTon™Mnn6j'ie ra3eTbI’ KyjibTypHo-npocBerarejibHbie reHHHio — YTOT2¡eft Í S J apHBJIeqb K p a ^ o ie b Maccax ceiibCKyio HHTejijin- h 6HÓJiHOTeK Pem aiom P° HQM0B’ 300Te™ H;K0'B- BPatjeñ. paSoTHWKOB KJiySoB TexHHtiecKoro ypobhít ^ ajTBHe™ e r o nom>éMa Kyjibrypno- riojiHTHHeeKoií co3HaTen OTHMWoB CCJIbCKOro xoQHficTBa hmcot noBbiuie'Hiie hx
TejIbHOCTb, rOpHHHil CnRbH0CT«' ^ MeHH0 BWCOKaH COimaJIHCTHHeCKaH C.03Ha- Horo Tpy^a HOBaTODon eTCKHB naTpHOTH3M. Jiex<aT b ochobc caMOOTBepJKen- í lo jir napTHimbix O D ra H H3BO;iCTBa’ HX HenPpPbIBH° r o TBopnepKoro pocTa.
CipeMJieHHe. K HORaTnLTI IH3aUHñ ~ Pa3JKHraTb B Maccax HOHCfly 3H3HHñ.
Ho.Bbie 3anaHH bct-hot TB0PtiecTBy-
c PyKOBQHHiUHMH c e jib C K o ll naPTOPra ™ 3aB«™ H b paóore
h h k, npHSBaHHbift pyKOBnTTr aBCTBeHHbIMH Ka;iP aMH- í e n pPb Kax*nbiñ paÓOT- ÍOJiWeH HMeTb Cepbé3IHV Tb T6M HJ1H HHbIM y qapTKOM CeJTbCKOrO X03HHCTB3,
™BKy. BbicoKHe Tpe6oBa!?H nOJIHTHqeCKyf0 H ce-nbCKOX'Oaa«CTBe'HHyro nonro- napTHiÍHbie opraHH3auH« 3 nPe'a'bH'BJI5TOTCB x npencenaTejism kojixosob. npence^a-rejieñ kotodhp ñ;f;0J1>K'HbI n'OMOHb KOJiXoanHKaM nonoSpaTb TaKHX SOBaHHUM Ha HayHHblX bIJIH 6bI CrI0€° 6l,bI PyKOBOHHTb KpyiTHbTM, OpraHH- íHuieñ pafíoTe b KOJixo3PY°BaX COB!íajTHC™ treCKHM xoshhctbom. Ha pyKOBO- Hax HOJTJKHbl SblTb jijo/th COBX03aX’ M I C , B CeJIbCK0X03HHCTEeHHblX Opra- Mory-r 6wctpo honxbíitht?0 p a308a H H bie. cneuHajiHCTM CBoero /tena, Koropbie HaYKH H nepenoBoro oiíhiTa Hu UJHpoKO BHe^PHTb B npaKTHxy hocthhíchhh
flajibHeñiHHñ poct nrm im 3' HaA0 n(W>ópaTb TaK'Hx JHoneñ, oCecneqHTb hx
napTOFinLe
SStT ”X
-TaTKH b nene HonojibaoRnu, °P raíIbI ^ojijkhh no-'óoeBOMy ycTpawHTb Heno*
X030B, M IC H C0BX030B A ° pTH>KeHHH HayKH H OHblTa nepenoBHKOB KOJI- JieKo He BO Bcex ogjiacTHx MSCb BeTePnHMa MenJiHTejibHOCTb. M e x n y TeM na-
«eoSxonHMbie Kannu jn » „ , r ° Hax nocTaTOHHo onepaTHBHO nonÓHpaiOTCH JIeií«o yJiyqmaercH n a ñ a rf 6° TbI B ceJlbCKoxo3HñcTBeHHbix opraHax. Men- ío jijK H a a 3a6oia o coxiranut. II3*'iaTejIbCTB> panHOBemaHHH, ne npoHBJiaeTca Ty p bt H T. n. H BblCTaBOK, HOMOB Cfe.lbCKOX03HHCTBeHHOH K yjlb-
Ha HblHeUJHeiV’ oran»
o p ra H H 3 a u H 0 HH0 H c e jIb C K o ro X 0 3 B f'CTBa, K o rn a k o j t x o s h C0BX03H OCHaineHbl HO B ofim P u 0 K Pe n ’'IH - MaHJHHHO-TpaKTOpHbie CT3HHHH H n p H o 6 p e T atOT B o n p o c b i r m o n a r a„T®XHHK0H> «CK^noHHTejibHo BaxcHoe aH aneHH e M T C COBpeMeHHHX flOCTHWPHHft 1 H BH^ peHHH B0 BCe KOJ,X03bI- C0BX03bI H o n b IT a > n a K o n jie H H o ro r ie o e n n R n f CK° " ? r P OHOMHqeCKoft n a y K H h Ó o r a r o r o
« p*no 6 o jib iu o f t ro c v n a n c T R P u u o fi K0JIX03H0H « c o B x o 3 H o ñ n p a K T H K o ñ . 3 r o — CejlbCKHM X03HHCTB0M oflH O H3 He0T'faeMJleMaa B apTb pyK0B0,T,CTBa 3pMJTenejiHH, H e y K jio H H o ro 3 I^J1.aBHeHUIHX v c j io b h h noB bim eH H H K y jib T y p b i’
X03HHCTBa. 1 ;rb e M a B cex O T p a c n e ñ H a rn e ro ce.nbC K oro
J ^ B a f l ą a T t
b o c ł m o h t o mC
o h h h c h h hB. H. JIcHHHa_______
I O . l l a ß j io ß
B socbMoS r = o m ™
?9 i ? r O A r ™ a « T t n BC“ p S f l nepHoa rp a ttM H C K o i BOfi™ h
BOeHHOÍ HHTepBBHUHH. OCHCHB.M« * " ^ “ ™ " T a “ ” S o Ote'eCTBa, nepHOA HBjiHJiHCb opraHH3auHH r w TbIJia ÄaJIbHeHiiiee crpoHTeJib-
— “ ac; ; ;
^ r S S S S S ^ a s t ¡ P » s r r = £ T
S a p ÄeflcKO» KOH.ppe-
roÎjîiouhh HHOCTpaHHbie HMnepHaAHcra bo rjiaBe c a hta o - ajd ep hk a hckh
paBÖoflHHKaMH Tä&'HO. ^ « Ä p B
bhoctpbh» , « » 3B » a n ™ .M H S p PPBBPo ™ o “ r e M BTe*B. » f a a P « « p ^
¿ S S Ä Ö ^ Ä Ä
" y 3 ^ ^ M PbM M a “ e m “ ^ p o H K K T C K o .S y x a p H H C K H M H npeaaTejiaMH, aceptT 30 aBryCTa 1918 roya coBepimuiH 3jioaenoKoe noKyineHHe aa k h b h B Hra o - a M e p M K a H c K a e HMnepHajiHCTH opraHH30BaJM aHTHCoBBTCKHa 3a-
rOBOn BO rA3B6 KOTOpOrO CTOHA UinHOH JloKKapT, nOABH3aBUIHHCH riOA MacKoñ asrAHHCKoro AHHAOMaTa. n PH noMomn 6yp>Kya3Hbix HauHonaAH-
CTOB OCepOB H MeHbUieBHKOB aHTAO-aMepHKaHCKHe, 3aXBaTHHKH CTpeMHAHL S e p rH y T ? C oB iTC Ky» B aacia, aaKaSam m , »am y c rp a a y , apeapaTHTb ae B CBOK) KOAOHHIO.
CoBeTCKaH Pocchh 0Ka3aAacb 0Tpe3aHH0ñ ot ochobhhx npoAOBOAb-
c t b w hÏ Ï cHpbeBHX a to hahbhhx pañonoB. « t a A O 6buio b btot nepmx T, CoBeTCKOH Pocchh. HexBaTaAO xAeôa. HexBaxaAO Maca. Tojioa Tcp3aA naóoHHX 3 aB0AH He paóoxaAH, hah hohth He paßoraAH: HexBataAO cbiobH TonAHBa. H o paßoHHö M a ce He yHbiBaA. H e yHUBana n a p m a ßoAbiiieBHKOB HeHMOBepHbie TpyAHOCTH SToro nepHOAa h ornaHmaH 6opb- 6 a c HHMH HOKasajTH, K3K3H HeHCHepnaeMan ^ e p rn H t3Htch « P ^ o n e M M a ce h AO aero b c a h m, nenaMepHMa CHAa aBTopHTera ßoAbineBHCTCKOH nap THH» («HcTOpHH B K 11( 6). K p a ™ Kypc», CTP. 218).
