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Konstrukcja zakończeń w podręcznikach dla sprzedawców

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Dawid Wal

Uniwersytet Rzeszowski

KONSTRUKCJA ZAKOŃCZEŃ

W PODRĘCZNIKACH DLA SPRZEDAWCÓW

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Literatura

$U\VWRWHOHV']LHáDZV]\VWNLH, Warszawa.

%HFN3RGUĊF]QLNPDQLSXODFML =DND]DQDUHWRU\ND, *OLZLFH

%HGQDUVNL$$UF\PLVWU]VSU]HGDĪ\-DN]GREUHJRVWDüVLĊZ\ELWQ\PVSU]HGDZFą, *OLZLFH %DWNR$+DNHUXP\VáyZ, *OLZLFH 'UDELN%-Ċ]\NRZHU\WXDá\WZRU]HQLDZLĊ]LLQWHUSHUVRQDOQHM.UDNyZ -DNREVRQ53RHW\NDZĞZLHWOHMĊ]\NR]QDZVWZD>Z@:SRV]XNLZDQLXLVWRW\MĊ]\ND:\EyU pism, t. 2, Warszawa. .\LRVDNL57/HFKWHU6/.ZDGUDQWSU]HSá\ZXSLHQLĊG]\, 2VLHOVNR Knight S., 1997, 1/3ZG]LDáDQLX, Warszawa. /HQDUWRZLF]%*áyZQHSRMĊFLDLNLHUXQNLZSUDJPDW\FHMĊ]\NR]QDZF]HM>Z@3UDFH]SUDJ-PDW\NLVHPDQW\NLLPHWRGRORJLLVHPLRW\NLUHG-3HOF:URFáDZ àDEX]$01/3ZQHJRFMDFMDFKKDQGORZ\FK*OLZLFH 0DMHZVND0$NW\GHSUHFMRQXMąFHVLHELHLLQQ\FK, .UDNyZ 3DáND36WUDWHJLHG\VNXUV\ZQHZUR]PRZLHKDQGORZHM, Katowice. 6NU]\SF]DN- UHG MediaW3R]QDĔ 6FKXO]YRQ7KXQ)6]WXNDUR]PDZLDQLDSU]Há3:áRG\JD.UDNyZ 6FKLIIPDQ66NXWHF]QHSR]\VNLZDQLHNOLHQWyZSU]H]WHOHIRQ*OLZLFH Tokarz M., 2006, $UJXPHQWDFMDSHUVZD]MDPDQLSXODFMD:\NáDG\]WHRULLNRPXQLNDFML*GDĔVN

THE CLOSING FORMULA IN THE SALESMAN’S HANDBOOKS

Summary

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