Kol Lublin : annual of Lubliners in Israel and diaspora, nr 43/2007

Pełen tekst

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(3) ;7084;3=;H;I4?C;>I8?. ¢ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÏÂ˜¢ Ï¢ÂÁ·Â ı¯‡· ÌÈ‡ÈÏ·ÂÏ‰ ÈÂ‚¯‡ ÔÂ˙˘ ∫ÚÈˆ˜Ã‡„Ú¯ ≠ ˙Î¯ÚÓ‰ ¨¯„È·‡ ˜ÈÏÂÓ˘ ¨¯„È·‡≠È˜Ò¯ÈÓÂËÈßÊ ÚË ˘ÈÙ˜ÂË˘ „Â„ ¨‚¯·ËÎ¯Ë≠¯˘ÈÙ ‰˘ˆ ¨¯˜„ ÛÒÂÈ ™. ≠ ˙Î¯ÚÓ‰ ˙·Â˙Î ∫ÚÈˆ˜Ã‡„Ú¯ ÔÂÙ ÒÚ¯„Ã‡. ¨¢ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÏÂ˜¢ {yu|v¥r¨¶q{«£lµ uxr{wux~z|l¨¤ ,PM-VCMJO 4EFSPU$IFO 5FM"WJW *TSBFM. ∞≥≠∂∏∏±∑≤∑ ßÏË ¨·È·‡≠Ï˙ ¨ÈÂÏ ‰ÓÏ˘ ÒÂÙ„. 9=15A:1@<6K5 . IC;4633?H0>41G/3I4;8ACGF2B@48 8GE4?0G482438G=4:GF2B@48 3=6;=3G6/;>8;04;04GG41I3H3;/;:;388?CFHG7=304; 546=34>8;04;;A@=I4?4=I >8;04; 3E8058/ >8;04;0G280/A7?;H3:4GAI <82438<8G88E;H3:4GAI8?;42

(4) 588=85F "OES[FK.PMJL)JTUPSZD[OBXZTUBXBX,B[JNJFS[V ;/GH80>8;04;I/<8HC6=<8/?8;04;

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(8) 5A7? 0G3=<80I:=8?H428=;II24AI>G7H;6G <43I0<8:;43G8HG1?85>I? 80@I80=I4?4G:85A?G03GH /=8/;H<8;81A3G8/=I82438 B@:=388G24CH8;4@G=2;4 FIFI=4>=53BF4?74G3;4H 30/8?/884A04G>8;04;=I42;8I4?4=I>=@;2?33H= 328G4;C=@G?88=GI@/3I04>8;04;= FH788F?588/344/A?G03GH 3240/I42;8GC@3=FGC@40G/>=@CG42<8G= G8H<86:H?8I;03<8?=53@40G/>=@CG42<8G= >G4F3?80@<A3H81CG280/8F@G8=478

(9) 5A7? >G4F3?80@$A2488=G8:=8= G8=53G8/=I82438 $3?IH?3=A?G03GH >A1?4GA887H/0I4=4GI */.&.03:F?A2?/<4E<8G7C?G:5; Joseph Dakar / Chairman's comments: The organisation's activity during the last year Luba Matraszek / A Letter from Lublin Esther Mandelay / Lublin: Books about its Jewish people and their history Esther Mandelay / Internet Website: Action Reinhard Camps (ARC) Judith Maier / The nightingale Summary: Kol Lublin Annual Volume # 43. (2) 107 (3) 106 (4) 105 (7) 102 (10) 99 (12) 97. ˙Î¯ÚÓÏ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ ÍÈ•ÙÏ ÁÂ˙Ù ¢ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÏÂ˜¢ ˙ÂÚ„ ¨˙ÂÚˆ‰ ¨˙Â·Â‚˙ Â•ÈÏ‡ ·Â˙ÎÂ ‡¯˜. uxr{wux~z|l¨¤ {yu|v¥r¨¶q{«£lµ ¨¢ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÏÂ˜¢ .

(10) ¯˜„ ÛÒÂÈ „¢ÂÚ. ª¤ ©¨ª¢¤a©¨a©¨ ˙È˙$˘ ‰ÙÒ‡ ¯·Ó·Â•· ≤∑≠· Ë„Â¯· ˙È·· ‰ÓÈÈ˜˙‰ ˙È˙•˘‰ ‰ÙÒ‡‰ Æ˙ÂÚ„‰ ÏÎÏ „·ÂÎÓ ¯ÙÒÓ ¨ÌÈ˘•‡ ±∂∞ ‰· ÂÁÎ• Æ≤∞∞∂ ÌÈÈÏ‚¯· ÌÈ¯·Á‰ ÂÚÈ·ˆÈ „È˙Ú· Û‡ ÈÎ ÌÈÂÂ˜Ó Â•‡ ˙ÂÁÎÂ•‰ ÆÌÈÏÂ„‚ ÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ· ÌÈÒÂ•ÈÎÏ ‡Â·Ï ÂÙÈÒÂÈÂ. Â•Ï˘ ˙ÙËÂ˘‰ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÌÈÈ˜Ï Â•Î˘Ó‰ ‰•˘‰ ‰ÙÈÒ‡ ÌÂÈ˜ ¨ßÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÏÂ˜ß Ï˘ ¯Â‡Ï Â˙‡ˆÂ‰ ˙‡ ˙ÏÏÂÎ‰ ˜ÁˆÈ ˙ÏÁ•· ‰¯ÎÊ‡ ÌÂÈ˜ ¨¯·Ó·Â• ˘„ÂÁ ÛÂÒ· ˙È˙•˘ ÌÈÏÈÚÙ Ï˘ ÌÈÙËÂ˘ ÌÈ˘‚ÙÓ ÌÂÈ˜ ÔÎÂ ‰‡Â˘‰ ÌÂÈ· ÆÈ˙È··. ÌÈÚ˜˘ÂÓ‰ ıÓ‡ÓÏÂ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙÏ ·Â˘Ó ÔÈÚÓ ‰ÂÂ‰ÓÂ ‰·Â˘Á Æ‰•˘‰ ÏÎ ÍÏ‰Ó·. ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÏÂ˜ ˜ÁˆÈ ˙ÏÁ$· ‰¯ÎÊ‡. ÏÎ Ï˘ ‡È˘© ÌÈ„ÂÓÚ °±≤∞ ‰•˘‰ ÏÏÎ ßÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÏÂ˜ß. ‰ÏÈ‰˜‰ È•·Ï ‰¯ÎÊ‡ Â•Î¯Ú ¨‰•˘ ÏÎ· ÂÓÎ ¨‰‡Â˘‰ ÌÂÈ·. ÂÊ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ Æ‰‰Â·‚‰ Â˙Ó¯ ÏÚ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈÁ·˘ ¯ˆ˜Â ®ÌÈ•ÓÊ‰. ¯ÎÊÏ ‰Ë¯„•‡‰ „ÈÏ ˙ÓÈÈ˜˙Ó ‰¯ÎÊ‡‰ Æ‰‡Â˘· ÂÙÒ•˘ Æ˜ÁˆÈ ˙ÏÁ•·˘ ÔÈÓÏÚ‰ ˙È·· ˜•„ÈÈÓÂ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È˘Â„˜. ÆÚ·ˆ È„ÂÓÚ ÔÂ˙ÈÚ· ÂÚÈÙÂ‰˘ ‰•Â˘‡¯‰ ‰•˘‰ ÔÂ‡ËÈ· ‰‡ÈˆÂÓ ‰•È‡ Â•Ï ˙ÂÓÂ„‰ ‰Ï‡Ó ‰ÏÈ‰˜ Û‡. ÆÒ˜Ë‰ ˙‡ ÔÂÂ‚Ï È„Î ‰‡È¯˜ È˜¯Ù ËÚÓ Â•ÙÒÂ‰ ‰•˘‰ ÏÎÏ ‰·È˘È ˙Â‡ÒÎ ÌÈ˜ÙÒÓ Â•‡ ÈÎ ˘È‚„‰Ï ·Â˘Á ÆÌÈÁÎÂ•‰. ÔÂ‡ËÈ·‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÁ·˘‰ ÆßÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÏÂ˜ßÏ Â˙Ó¯· ·¯˜˙Ó‰ Æ¯„È·‡ ˜ÈÏÂÓ˘ÏÂ ÚË•Ï ‰•Â˘‡¯·Â ˘‡¯· ÌÈÚÈ‚Ó. ∂¥∞∑± ·È·‡≠Ï˙ ¨∂ ÔÁ ß„˘ ™ Ï‡¯˘È· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È‡ˆÂÈ ÔÂ‚¯‡. ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ È¯·Á Ï˘ È˙˘‰ ÒÂÈÎ‰ v}xu ®µ ¨Á¢Ò˘˙ ÂÏÒÎ· Â¢Î ¨{svwswuu| §¡¬£lq¥µ¥ª£©¡¥ ÌÈÈ˜˙È ®‰È¯ÂÓÂ ÔÈÏËÈÈˆ ¯ÙÒ‰ È˙· ÔÈ·© ¥r¨¶qww«¥¨¤¥¥²l£´ ¨Ë„Â¯· ÊÎ¯Ó· ∫˙ÈÎÂ˙· ®ß˜„ µ∞© ˙ÈÏÂÙ‰ ‰ÈÊÈÂÏË‰ Ë¯Ò ≠ ¢ıßÊÏ·¢ %. ÌÈ¯·Á ˙˘È‚Ù % ‰¯ÎÊ‡ % ¯˜„ ÛÒÂÈ ¯Ó ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ¯¢ÂÈ È¯·„ %. Æ‰·È·Ò· ÌÈÂÈÁ‰ ¯‡˘·Â ÂˆÈÂ ˙È· ÔÂÈÁ· ‡ÂˆÓÏ Ô˙È ‰ÈÁ™ .

(11) ˙ÂÙËÂ˘ ˙Â˘È‚Ù. ¨ÛÂ˘È·ÈÎ¯‡‰ Ï˘ Â‚Èˆ& ‰· ÂÁÎ& ÆÌÚ ·Â¯· ‰Î¯Ú& ‰ÁÈ˙Ù‰ ÂÓÎ ¨¯ÈÚ‰ ˘‡¯ Ï˘ ÌÈ&‚Ò È&˘ ¨È˜ˆÈ·ÊÈÊÂ „¯ÙÏ‡ ·‡‰. ˙ÂÙËÂ˘ ˙Â˘È‚Ù· ÌÈÏÈÚÙ Ï˘ ‰ˆÂ·˜ ‰ÎÈ˘Ó‰ ‰&˘‰ Û‡. ‰ˆÂ·˜ ‰ÁÎ& ‰ÁÈ˙Ù· ÆÌÈÙÒÂ& ÌÈ¯·ÁÂ ÌÈ„·ÂÎÓ Ì‚ ¯˘Ú≠ÌÈ&˘ ‰˙&Ó ¯˘‡ ¨Ï‡¯˘ÈÓ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ È‡ˆÂÈ ¨Â&Ï˘. ¨¯·Ú·Ó ËÚÓ ‰ÎÂÓ& ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ÌÈ˘‚ÙÓ‰ ˙Â¯È„˙ ÆÈ˙È·· ÆÔÓÊ· ¯ÂÒÁÓ ˙‡ÙÓ ˙‡ÊÂ. ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÏ ‰‡È·Ó ÚË& „ˆÈÎ ˙Â‡¯Ï ˘‚¯Ó ‰Ê ‰È‰ ÆÌÈ˘&‡ ÔÈÙÈ˜Ú· Ì‡ Ì‚ – ÂÚÙ˘Â‰ ¯˘‡ ˙Â„Â·Ú ¨‰È˙Â„Â·Ú ˙‡. È˜Ò·Â˜ÈÈßˆ ˘ÓÂ˙. Æ‰˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ®È‡˘¯ÂÂ‰Â È‡&ÈÏ·ÂÏ‰© È&ÏÂÙ‰ ¯·Ú‰Ó ≠. Í˘Ó· ı¯‡· ‰‰˘ /Æ/Æ ¯Ë‡È˙Ó È˜Ò·Â˜ÈÈßˆ ˘ÓÂ˙. ÒÏË‡ ‰ÈÏ„ Ï˘ Ë¯ˆ'Â˜. Ï˘ Ì¯ÂÙÈÒ „ÂÚÈ˙ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ Â‡Â· ˙¯ËÓ ÆÌÈÓÈÓ˙ ÌÈÈ˘„ÂÁ ÆÌÈÓÏÂˆÓ ˙Â&ÂÈ‡¯ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ÔÂ˘‡¯‰ ¯Â„‰ È&·. Ï˘ ÈË&Ë¯ˆ&Â˜ ÚÂˆÈ· ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ÌÈÈ˜˙‰ Ì„Â˜ ·¯Ú Æ‰Ë‡ÈÂÂ¯Ë ‰Ï ‰¯ÙÂ‡‰ Ï˘ ˙È&ÂÓ¯‰ÏÈÙ‰ ˙¯ÂÓÊ˙‰ ÏÚ ‰ÁˆÈ& Â&Ï˘ ÒÏË‡ ‰ÈÏ„ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˘ ÌÈÈÓ˘¯‰ ˙ÂÒÁ‰ È&˙Â&Ó „Á‡ ‰È‰ Â&Ï˘ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ÆË¯ˆ&Â˜‰ ˙Â·Â‚˙Ï ‰ÎÊÂ ‰ÓÈ˘¯Ó ˙È˙Â&Ó‡ ‰ÁÏˆ‰ ‰È‰ Ë¯ˆ&Â˜‰ ÆÏ‰˜‰ Ï˘ ˙Â·‰Ï&. ˙Â&ÂÈ‡¯ ÌÈ˘ÈÓÁÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ Í¯Ú È˜Ò·Â˜ÈÈßˆ ˘ÓÂ˙ Ï˘ ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ˙Â„Â‡ ÏÚ Â¯ÙÈÒ ÔÂ˘‡¯‰ ¯Â„‰ È&· ÆÌÈÓÏÂˆÓ ˙ÂÈÂ&Ó„Ê‰‰ ¨Â&¯ÚˆÏ Æ‰È¯Á‡Â ‰ÎÏ‰Ó· ¨‰ÓÁÏÓ‰ È&ÙÏ ˙‡ Æ˙Â˙ÁÂÙÂ ˙ÂÎÏÂ‰ ÔÂ˘‡¯‰ ¯Â„‰ È&· ˙‡ ÔÈÈ‡¯Ï ¯‡˙Ï Ô˙È& /Æ/Æ ¯Ë‡È˙Â È˜Ò·Â˜ÈÈßˆ ˘ÓÂ˙ Ï˘ Úˆ·Ó‰ ÒÒ·˙È˘ ¯ÙÒ ¯Â‡Ï ˙‡ˆÏ ¯ÂÓ‡ ÔÈÏÂÙ· Æ‰Ïˆ‰ ˙ÏÂÚÙÎ Æı¯‡· ÂÎ¯Ú&˘ ÂÏÏ‰ ˙Â&ÂÈ‡¯‰ ÏÚ Ï˘ ÌÈ¯Èˆ˜˙ ÌÒ¯Ù& ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÏÂ˜ Ï˘ ÌÈ‡·‰ ˙Â&ÂÈÏÈ‚·. ÔÓËÈÈ¯ „Â¯Ó' Ï˘ ÏËÈÒ¯. Æ‰Ï‡ ˙Â&ÂÈ‡¯ ¯˙Ò‡ÏÂ Ú&¯· ‰¯˘Ï ¯˜ÈÚ· ˙ÂÚÈ‚Ó ˙Â„ÁÂÈÓ ˙Â„Â˙. Ô¯˙&ÒÙ‰ ®ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ „ÈÏ˘© ·Âßˆ&Ï&· ÚÈÙÂ‰ ≤∞∞∑ È‡Ó· ≤∑≠·. ÆÈ˜Ò·Â˜ÈÈßˆ ®˜ÓÂË© ˘ÓÂ˙Ï ˙Â·¯ ÂÚÈÈÒÂ ÂÁ¯È‡˘ È‡Ï„&Ó. ÆÔÓËÈÈ¯ „Â¯Ó& ¯ÈÚˆ‰ ÈÏ‡¯˘È‰. ÏÚ ‚¯·˘ÈÙ ‰ËÈ‡ÏÂ Ï˜&ÈÙ¯Â‚ ·˜ÚÈÏ Ì‚ ˙ÂÚÈ‚Ó ˙Â„Â˙ Æ˜ÓÂËÏ ÌÚÂÈÒ. ·Âßˆ&Ï&· Í¯Ú&˘ Ï·ÈËÒÙ ˙¯‚ÒÓ· ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‰ÚÙÂ‰‰ ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˘ ˙¯ÂÓÊ˙‰ ˙Ï‰&Ó È„È ÏÚ Ô‚¯Â‡ÓÂ ‡ÏÓ ÌÏÂ‡ ÏÂÓ ‰ÓÈÈ˜˙‰ ÔÓËÈÈ¯ „Â¯Ó& Ï˘ Â˙ÚÙÂ‰ ˙¯ÂÓÊ˙‰ ÌÚ Â&Ï˘ ‰ÏÂÚÙ‰ ÛÂ˙È˘Ó ˜ÏÁ ‰˙ÈÈ‰Â ÆÔÈÏ·ÂÏ Ï˘ ˙È&ÂÓ¯‰ÏÈÙ‰. ÔÈÏÂÙ· ˙Â·¯˙ ÈÚÂ¯È‡ ¯„È·‡ ÚË' Ï˘ ‰ÎÂ¯Ú˙. ÈÙÒÎ‰ ·ˆÓ‰ ·Á¯&‰ ßÔÈÏ·ÂÏ ÏÂ˜ß Ï˘ ¯Â‡Ï Â˙‡ˆÂ‰ Ï˘ ‰‰Â·‚‰ ˙ÂÏÚ‰ ˙‡ ÂÏÏÈ„ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ Ï˘ ˙ˆ¯Ó&‰ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ‰Â ®¶ ±µ¨∞∞∞© ÆÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ˙ÙÂ˜ Ì‰È˙ÂÓÂ¯˙ ˙‡ ÂÏÈ„‚ÈÂ ıÓ‡Ó Â˘ÚÈ Ì‡ ÌÈ¯·ÁÏ ‰„Â& ÆÂ&È˙ÂÏÂÚÙ ˙‡ ÍÈ˘Ó‰Ï ÏÎÂ&˘ È„Î. ‰Î¯Ú& ÔÈÏ·ÂÏ· ˙È˙Â·¯˙‰ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ‰ Ï˘ ˙¯˙ÂÎ‰ ˙ÏÂ‚ ‰˙„Â·Ú È¯Ù ˙ÂÈÙ¯‚Â˙ÈÏ ÛÒÂ‡· ¯·Â„Ó Æ≤∞∞∂ È&ÂÈ· π≠· Æ¯„È·‡ ÚË& Ï˘ ‰ÏÂÁÎÓÂ ®˜Ë¯·© Â‡ÓÂÏÂ˙¯· Ï˘ ‰È¯Ï‚· ‰Î¯Ú& ‰ÎÂ¯Ú˙‰ ˙È·· ‰˜ˆ„Â¯‚ ·ÂÁ¯· ˙‡ˆÓ& ‰È¯Ï‚‰ ÆÈ˜Ò·ÂÏ‡ÎÈÓ ‰ÎÂ¯Ú˙‰ ˙‡ Æ/Æ/Æ ¯Ë‡È˙ Ï˘ Â·˘ÂÓ ÌÂ˜ÓÏ ÍÂÓÒ‰ Æ/Æ/Æ ¯Ë‡È˙Â ˜Ë¯· Â&‚¯‡. .

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(19) ‰ˆÈ·ÊÈ‡ ∫ÊÂÁÓ‰Â ÔÈÏ·ÂÏÏ ÚÒÓ ‰ˆÈ·ÊÈ‡ ˙È„Â‰È‰ ‰¯ÈÈÚ‰ ¯Â·Ú ·Â˘ÈÈÎ ‰ˆÈ·ÊÈ‡ ‰„ÒÂ" ±∑µ∞≠· ‰·Â‚Â"¯Ë ‰"Î˘‰ ‰¯ÈÈÚ‰Ó Â˘¯Â‚˘ ÌÈ„Â‰È Æ®5BSOPHPWB© ·Â¯ ÂÈ‰ ËÚÓÎ ÌÈ"˘ ÌÈÈ˙‡Ó Í˘Ó· ˙Â·¯ ÂÓ¯˙ Ì‰ ÆÌÈ„Â‰È ‰ˆÈ·ÊÈ‡ È·˘Â˙ ˙È˙Â·¯˙‰Â ˙ÈÏÎÏÎ‰ ‰˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰Ï ÌÈÊÂÁ‡ π≥ ÂÈ‰ ±π≤±≠· Æ‰¯ÈÈÚ‰ Ï˘ ÆÌÈ„Â‰È ÌÈ·˘Â˙‰Ó ¥∞∞∞ ‰ˆÈ·ÊÈ‡· ÂÈÁ ±π≥π ¯·ÓËÙÒ· ÌÈ˘·ÂÎ‰ Â‡È·‰ ±π≥π ¯·Óˆ„· ÆÌÈ„Â‰È ßÊ„ÂÏÓ ÌÈ„Â‰È ≤µ∞∞ ‰¯ÈÈÚÏ ÌÈ"Ó¯‚‰ Â‡·Â‰ ±π¥≤ ÏÈ¯Ù‡·Â ¨®,PMP© ÂÏÂ˜ÓÂ Æ‰È˜·ÂÏÒÂÎßˆÓ ÌÈ„Â‰È ÛÏ‡ ‰ÈÏ‡ È„È· ‰ˆÈ·ÊÈ‡ È„Â‰È ÏÎ ÂÁˆ¯" ±π¥≤ ÛÂÒ· ˙È·· ˙ÂÂÓÏ Â¯Â" ÌÈ˘"‡ ¥∞∞∞ ÆÌÈˆ‡"‰ ¯‡˘‰ ÏÎÂ ¨‰ˆÈ·ÊÈ‡ Ï˘ È„Â‰È‰ ˙Â¯·˜‰ Æ¯Â·È·ÂÒÂ ıßÊÏ· ‰„Ó˘‰‰ ˙Â"ÁÓ· ÂÁˆ¯". ª ¬ ª¡«¢®¬«®¬¦ ѮFGPSFTUXBTUIFHSBWFZBSEBOEUIFFYFDVUJPOQMBDFPG*[CJDB]TKFXT. IZBICA Izbica was established in 1750 as a settlement for Jewish people removed from the neighborning Tarnogora. For almost two hundred years Jews were the majority of Izbicaʼs citizens contributing to itʼs economical and cultural development. In 1921 93% of the townʼs citizens were Jewish. In September 1939 there were 4000 Jews living in Izbica. In December 1939 occupiers brought to the town. ª¬¦ ѮFUPXOPG*[CJDB. 2500 Jews from Lodz and Kolo, and in April 1942 1000 Jews from Czechoslovakia. By the end of 1942 all the Izbica Jews were murdered by the German Nazis. 4000 people were shot at the Izbica Jewish cemetery, and all the others were killed in the Belzec and Sobibor death camps.. .

(20) ‰•Á˙ ≠ ‰ˆÈ·ÊÈ‡ Ï‡ Í¯„· ‰•Â¯Á‡ ˙ÂÂÓ‰ ‰˙ÂÂÈ‰ ±π¥≤ ¯·Ó·Â$Ï Ò¯‡Ó ÔÈ· ‰$Â¯Á‡‰ ‰$Á˙‰ ˙‡ ‰ˆÈ·ÊÈ‡ ˙Â$ÁÓÏ ÌÈ„Â‰È ≤∂¨∞∞∞ Ï˘ ÌÎ¯„· ¨‰ÈÎßˆ ¨ÔÈÏÂÙÓ ÌÈ„Â‰È Æ˙ÂÂÓ‰ Â‡ÏÎ$ ‰È¯ËÒÂ‡Â ‰È$Ó¯‚ ¨‰È˜·ÂÏÒ ÍÂ˙· ÌÈ˘„ÂÁ Â‡ ˙ÂÚÂ·˘ Í˘Ó· ÌÈ·¯ Æ‰ˆÈ·ÊÈ‡·˘ ¢È$ÓÊ‰ ÂË‚‰¢ ‰· Â˙ÓÂ‰ Â‡ ‰¯ÈÈÚ· Â˙Ó Ì‰Ó ‰„Ó˘‰‰ ˙Â$ÁÓÏ ÌÁÂÏÈ˘ È$ÙÏ „ÂÚ Æ¯Â·È·ÂÒ·Â ıßÊÏ·· ˙Â¯·˜‰ ˙È·· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ÌÈ$Ó¯‚‰ ‰‡ˆÂ‰ ÌÂ˜ÓÎ ‰ˆÈ·ÊÈ‡·˘ È„Â‰È‰ ¯·Ó·Â$ Ï˘ ÌÈ$Â˘‡¯‰ ÌÈÓÈ· Æ‚¯Â‰Ï ˙Â¯·˜‰ ˙È·· ˙ÂÂÓÏ Â¯Â$ ±π¥≤ ÆÌÈÁ‡ È¯·˜· Â¯·˜$Â ÌÈ„Â‰È ÛÏ‡Î. From March to November 1942 the city of Izbica was the. ®ª¢¢¤¬ ¤ ®¨¢ X X ѮFXUFOUXPG-JOFSGBNJMZJTCVJMUPGHSBWFTUPOFT. last station for about 26,000 Jews on their way to the death camp. Polish, Czech, Slovak, German and Austrian Jews were interned for weeks or months in the so called transit ghetto Izbica. Many died or were killed in this city before they were able to be moved on to the death camps of Belzec or Sobibor. The Jewish cemetery of Izbica was used by the Germans as a place of execution. On the ﬁrst days of November 1942 about 1000 Jewish people were shot and burried in mass graves. In front you can see the position of a mass grave.. . ®¡«¤¢ª¢ ®®¤¬¡¤d« «¬¬¡¦ª« ¡¨¥¤¬ ®¬¤¡« ¢¡«¢ ѮFHSPVQXJUI3PCFSU,PXBMFLd*OSFDFOUZFBSTQVQJMTPG*[CJDBDMFBO UIFQMBDFBOEMJHIUDBOEMFTJONFNPSZPGUIFNVSEFSFEKFXT.

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(22) NETA ZYTOMIRSKI-AVIDAR. LITHOGRAPHS. Poland 1942. 70X25 cm. I drew this image in memory of my family which was exterminated by the Nazies in Poland during 1939-1943. This is an image of a young woman in a cold black world. Her hand tightening her coat towards her chest. She is all alone with no hand of mercy to save her. The printed image keeps the memory of her white face and of her pale hand vanishing into the darkness.. .

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